Theories of Movement Control Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Theories of Movement Control - Essay Example According to Schmidt and Wrisberg, there are at least two ways of conceptualizing the term 'motor skill' which can be construed as a talk or an act, where motor skills can be distinguishable along a number of aspects or on the basis of a variety of high-flying characteristics (Schmidt and Wrisberg, 2008). The second way construes to the conceptualization of motor skill in terms of the ability a person delineates while performing a movement. Utley and Astill, in their book, have stated that the motor skills can efficiently be implemented in the brain and nervous system as well and also that they can be improvised (Utley and Astill, 2008). The development in motor skills defines the field of measurement as well as movement, thereby, learning the ways to control movement as a whole. This paper delineates the contrasting nature of both the theories of motor control, i.e. the open-loop and the closed-loop theory, thereby, stating examples which demonstrate the different explanations of hu man coincidence-anticipation performance. In open loop controll... en loop system, the controller output indication is settled on by the input signal from the computer or any other non-essential device. In response to incorrect calculation of the system response, or the affect of some other occurrence in the output signal, the system might turn aside from the desired path. As a result, it is necessary for the controller to assume that each part of the system is at its absolute position and has moved there at the correct pace. No feedback is conceived from the system, which would enable the controller to weigh against the actual position to the programmed position. In such a case, it is not possible for the controller to check and correct himself. Under this kind of a system, it is feasible to incline against the designated positions and paces, and not be able to correct the difficulties. This theory is significant for well-defined systems where the relationship between input and the resultant state can be modeled by a mathematical formula. For example, determining the voltage to be supplied to an electric motor which drives a consistent load, so as to acquire a desired pace can be considered as an appreciable implementation of open-loop control system. However, on the other hand, if the load were not predictable, the motor's pace might vary as an operation of the load as well as of the voltage. As a result, the open-loop controller would not be satisfactory enough to ensure the repeatable control of the speed. To comprehend the open-loop control system, an example of a

The novel Great Expectations Essay Example for Free

The novel Great Expectations Essay The novel Great Expectations was intended by Charles Dickens as a social commentary on the society of pre-Victorian era England. Through his use of intricate characterisation, narratorial perspectives, comprehensive descriptions and the ironic outcomes, Dickens ridicules and thus reflects many key values and attitudes of that society. He shows the importance of class and the prejudices associated with class, the values of society towards women and the attitudes of individuals, as well as the injustices and arbitrary nature of the justice system. Victorian England was a society that valued class distinctions, and this is clearly shown in Great Expectations by the variety of characters portrayed and the eventual outcomes of their actions. There were many prejudices associated with class. Upper-class people were treated with more courtesy and society had little respect for the lower classes, often treating them as criminals. This prejudice towards the lower classes is clearly evident in Great Expectations. Magwitch tells Pip about his trial with Compeyson. Magwitch had to sell all his clothes to pay for a lawyer and was still given a longer sentence because everyone saw what a gentleman he (Compeyson) looked, and what a wretch I (Magwitch) looked. While the rest of the novel is told through Pips narration, this section is told through the narration of Magwitch. This highlights the situation and arouses sympathy in the responder towards Magwitch. As well, Estellas initial treatment of Pip also shows the prejudices of class. Estella makes fun of Pips appearance; what coarse hands he has, what thick boots, simply because Pip comes from a lower working class background while she has been brought up as a lady. These instances reflect the attitudes of that society towards people of different class backgrounds. A persons class background dictated their life. Money and wealth was valued and dominated life. Yet Dickens portrays his characters to show the startling between the lives of different classes. His depiction of Joe as a man of the working class is in direct contrast with the gentleman characters such as Compeyson and Drummle. Joe is portrayed as a wholesome, hardworking man lacking in material wealth but in possession of a kind heart, Drummle is portrayed as gentleman who are cold, cruel and completely without morals who either beats or cringes. Dickens rewards his characters for their behaviour with what he believes they deserve. Joe was able to lead a comfortable and happy life with Biddy while Compeyson and Drummle met violent ends. This characterisation shows the startling differences in the moral fibre of the different classes, and discredits a popular attitude at the time that upper-class people were more gentile and moral.

Disneys Medievalesque Sleeping Beauty Essay -- Essays Papers

Disney's Medievalesque Sleeping Beauty "It was not once upon a time, but in a certain time in history, before anyone knew what was happening, Walt Disney cast a spell on the fairy tale. He did not use a magic wand or demonic powers. On the contrary, Disney employed the most up-to-date technological means and used his own American "grit" and ingenuity to appropriate European fairy tales. His technical skills and ideological proclivities were so consummate that his signature obfuscated the names of Charles Perrault, the Brothers Grimm, Hans Christian Andersen, and Collodi. If children or adults think of the great classical fairy tales today, be it Snow White, Sleeping Beauty, or Cinderella, they will think Walt Disney. " --Jack Zipes, "Breaking the Disney Spell" (72) Zipes, one of the foremost scholars on the "fairy tale" has published numerous commentaries on Disney's cinematic versions of fairy tales and critiques Disney for using them to perpetuate what Zipes sees as cultural ills. In the same essay he writes, "The manner in which he copied the musical films and plays of his time, and his close adaptation of fairy tales with patriarchal codes indicate that all the technical experiments would not be used to foster social change in America, but to keep power in the hands of individuals like himself, who felt empowered to design and create new worlds" (Zipes 93). Zipes ultimately sees Disney's egotism as guilty of failing to utilize the opportunity afforded within a medium such as the animated fairy tale to acknowledge and foster change within the social order. Zipes, along with other scholars such as Eleanor Byrne and Martin McQuillan, authors of the book Deconstructing Disney, explore and catalogue the various ways in which Walt Disney-the man-and Disney-the corporation that is his legacy-perpetuate social figurations of race, gender and ethnocentrism through they films they produce. They furthermore critique Disney for reducing fairy tales to over-simplified, over-sanitized and over-sentimentalized banalities designed solely as a profit-generating products. Such analyses prove to be truly important work, as the socio-cultural ideas propagated by Disney, as well as the means by it executed such propagation prove key in unlocking the messages that are sent through seemingly harmless "entertainment". As Zipes keenly point out, Yet, amus... ...Cited Byrne, Eleanor and Martin McQuillan. Deconstructing Disney. Great Britain: Pluto Press, 1999. Dorfman, Ariel and Armand Mattelart. How to Read Donald Duck: Imperialist Ideology in the Disney Comic. Trans. David Kunzle. New York: International General 1984. Lefebvre, Henri. "Work and Leisure in Everyday Life." Everyday Life Reader. Ed. Ben Highmore. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. 225-36. Marx, Karl. "Contribution to the Critique of Hegel's Philosophy of Right: Introduction." 1844. The Marx-Engels Reader. Ed. Robert C. Tucker. 2nd ed. USA: Norton, 1978. 53-65. "Once Upon a Dream: The Making of Sleeping Beauty". Documentary. Disney, Inc., c. 1959. Perrault, Charles. "The Sleeping Beauty in the Wood." 1697. Perrault's Complete Fairy Tales. Trans. A.E. Johnson. USA: Dodd, Mead & Company, Inc. 1961. 1-15. Sleeping Beauty. Dir. Wilfred Jackson. Walt Disney Studios, 1959. "Sleeping Beauty: Commemorative Booklet." Disney Inc. c. 1997. Willis, Paul. "Symbolic Creativity." Everyday Life Reader. Ed. Ben Highmore. Great Britain: Routledge, 2002. 282-294. Zipes, Jack. Fairy Tale as Myth. USA: University Press of Kentucky, 1994.

The Resolution of Conflicts Essay -- Literary Analysis, The Bet

â€Å"To live anyhow is better than not at all† (Chekhov 1) , the short story, The Bet commenced with the conflict when the person had no choice but to choose between the death penalty or life in prison. The Bet was originally written by Anton Chekhov, a profound Russian short-story writer who concentrated a lot on human values and the reflection of the extravagantly selfish Russian nobility. And through The Bet he was able to express all those ideas in two sides, the banker and the lawyer with the conflict along the story line. The author introduced the story with a momentary flashback that the banker recalled at night what happened in the past instead of going directly to the party from fifteen years ago. Well, this flashback style for opening suggests that the event on the party from fifteen years ago was unforgettable. Moreover, this introduction style helps to pull the audience’s attention and curiosity out more effectively. On that night, the banker and the lawyer made a bet based on the idea between life imprisonment and death penalty. The argument began with the banker’s strong statement â€Å"Capital punishment kills a man at once, but lifelong imprisonment kills him slowly. Which executioner is the more humane, he who kills you in a few minutes or he who drags the life out of you in the course of many years?† (Chekhov, 1) and the lawyer had chosen lifelong imprisonment by indicating that â€Å"To live anyhow is better than not at all† (Chekhov, 1). To prove his philosoph y righteously, the lawyer agreed to stay for fifteen years in the basement of the banker’s house without the acknowledgement of the surface world. In exchange for those imprisoned years, the banker would give the lawyer two million dollars if the lawyer succeeded with... ...er and the banker had faced a lot of crisis when they decided to make the bet, endure the consequences on both sides for making the bet and make the final resolution or solution. Life is priceless freedom, being able to live is better than accepting death. However, life is too short and unexpected; you would die tomorrow or the second later. Therefore, The Bet signifies that everyone should not need to fight over pretty things like money and power because it’s learning that makes man valuable not the money (knowledge is power and money is imprisonment). Everyone just lives to the fullest and appreciate every slightest moment, event, thing and people who appear in their life. Even that moment is sorrowful but every suffering has some meaning in this world that helps us to grow and develop our unique identity, overcome obstacles and treasure ourselves with others.

Educational Aspiration of Primary School Child Essay

The topic Educational aspirations of rural India deals with studying the aspirations of the rural children and trying to focus on the various factors that affect the aspirations of the children in some way or the other. Five of us had gone to five different states in India with the aim of studying the aspirations of the rural children of that region and then trying to find out the factors that really contribute towards them. The reason for selecting this particular topic was that we were given a choice of our own to explore any field we want. We were all interested in knowing more about the rural youths and their aspirations. To try to know what is the difference between the kids from a rural India and since we some of us had lived and had our education in rural India we wanted to go back and explore the changes that have come in the society if any. Our curiousness towards the education system and to know where the future of India sees itself made us choose this topic. Initially we all were thinking individually on the topic but once we knew about our similar interest, we tried coming up with a topic in the field that excites us all and finally we chose this topic. Also one more reason for choosing this topic was that few of us were going to really backward states and some of us were going to the states with the best educational services. So in a way we were getting the opportunity to study across states and come up with our findings of the reasons of particular aspirations in particular regions and how these are affected in different societies. The topic in our view holds quite an importance in today’s time as learning about the primary kids of the rural India gives us a glimpse into what the future might hold in for them and also for the nation. Since children of today are the future of tomorrow so knowing their aspirations, factors affecting them can certainly help in making changes that can lead the society and the nation towards a better future. The five of us had gone to five different states namely Bihar, Odisha, Haryana, Kerala and Uttarakhand. The comparative study in the later part of the report talks about the status of primary education across these states along with the factors affecting them. 2. OBJECTIVES * To develop an understanding of the educational aspirations of the primary level children in rural India. * Trying to understand the various factors that play an important role in affecting the aspirations of the primary level children. * To do the comparative analysis across 5 different states under a common platform and identify common issues and problems. 3. STATUS OF PRIMARY EDUCATION IN INDIA Education is important not only for the growth of an individual but also for the nation as a whole. Primary education has been the foundation on which the development of every individual as well as the nation depends. But making primary education available to everyone has been a major issue and along with this making quality primary education available has all been more problematic for the state. But in the past few years, India has shown tremendous growth in the literacy levels and achievements in providing successfully education to all at the primary level. Various govt. schemes are being implemented in different states that have resulted in providing assistance as well as incentives to the children to come to school and study. Right of children to free and compulsory education bill was passed in 2008. Special schemes for the underprivileged sections of the society are being implemented. 3. 1 Govt. schemes Different govt. schemes are being implemented in various states across India at the primary level. Some of them are: * Mid Day Meal Scheme (MDMS): MDMS is a scheme that was launched as a Centrally Sponsored Scheme in 1995. This programme ensures provision of cooked mid day meal to children studying at elementary level at govt. , local body or govt. aided schools. * Cycle distribution: Another scheme in Bihar where a cycle is distributed to the children†¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦. * Scholarships for EWS: †¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦Ã¢â‚¬ ¦.. * SSA: Sarva Siksha Abhiyan meaning education for all is another one of the many govt. schemes that aims at providing education to all. This program aims to universalize elementary education by community ownership of the school system. This program also provides an opportunity for improving human capabilities to all children. * Education Guarantee Scheme: This is one of the components of SSA aimed at providing education to the children. 3. 2 Literacy level The literacy level has been on a rise in India with the latest census report stating the literacy rate of our country to be 68% in 2007. This is a substantial increase from 12% at the time of independence and is commendable since the population is also growing at an abrupt pace. Among the Indian states Kerala holds the highest literacy level where Bihar is the lowest. This also accounted for an interesting study as these were the 2 of 5 states being covered. The adult literacy rate was 66% in 2007 whereas the youth literacy rate was 82% in 2001. 4. METHOD OF STUDY * Structured and unstructured interviews: One of the techniques used by us for getting information was structured and unstructured interviews. Many a times, going with questionnaires in our hands raised doubts in the minds of the people, so to avoid that we started with informal chats and then went on with the topic. * Questionnaires: Questionnaires were a means of getting information especially from the primary teachers and the village level authorities. Household interviews were also conducted based on the questionnaires. * Emoticon analysis: For the children of primary level it is many a time difficult to ask questions and get the answers. Also they identify more easily with the visual aids rather than talking, so for a part of our questions to the primary children, we had a set of emoticons for them and they had to choose the answer based on the emoticons. These emoticons basically expressed their feelings and moods at different points of time. * FGDs: FGDs were conducted among teachers so that we can come to know their view points on the current education system and the factors affecting the level of primary education. * Observations: Also observing was one of our main methods of studying about the village and also what the kids do in the school during their breaks and the classes. 5. CHALLENGES FACED There were many challenges faced by us during the work we were carrying out on the theme paper. Many a times the teachers were suspicious as to why we are doing this work and why do we want to know about them and the education there from the kids? Initially most of our time went in explaining our field work objectives and our reasons to be there. Getting information from the kids was one major challenging task as most of them were very shy and it really took great effort to get things out of them and that too correct information. Also a major challenge faced was that many lower caste families who didn’t send their children to primary schools showed no interest in talking on this topic to us. It was hard for us to convince them to talk to us. Language was one more challenge that was faced especially in Odisha. Few of the people in Uttarakhand too, especially women talked in the local Jaunsar language that made things difficult to interpret. 6. STATEWISE DATA All of us had gone to different states viz. Bihar, Odisha, Haryana, Kerala and Uttarakhand. Following is a brief description of the villages that we had gone to along with some of the information about our villages and the level of primary education there, along with the factors affecting them in our respective villages. The comparative analysis across states shows the factors affecting the aspirations of the primary level children and how they differ in different societies. 6. 1 BIHAR Literacy rate of Bihar: 47. 53% Literacy rate of Samastipur: 45. 76% Male: 57. 83%. Female: 32. 69% Educational programmes going in Bihar: 1). Sarva Siksha Abhiyan (SSA) 2). National programme for Education of Girls at Primary Level (NPEGEL) 3). Kasturba Gandhi Balika Vidyalaya (KGBV) 4). School Sanitation and Hygiene Education Programme (SSHE) Literacy rate of Muhammadpur Kowari village: 42% Population of Muhammadpur Kowari village: 11,500 Income sources: Agriculture Laborer Business Rickshaw pulling Government and private service. Income level: Annual income ranged from Rs. 20,000 – 1, 50,000 per annum of the respondents. Education Infrastructure: 1) Anganwadis- 11 in no. 2) Government School- 5 in no. Primary-4 Middle- 1 High– Nil 3) Private School- 1 ( upto class 8) 4) LSC runned by AKRSP-22 Village had eleven Anganwadi centres which would impart learning to toddlers and preschoolers. There were five government primary schools out of which one was upgraded to the middle school. In addition to this there was one private school in village upto class 8th. For higher studies students had to go to Tajpur for class eighth upwards. Apart from this there were private schools at Pusa Road and Tajpur where students of better off families used to study. Muslim families preferred Madarasa education for their children in adjoining village Shahpur Baghauni. One can also find coaching centres mushrooming in and around the village where unemployed college graduates were taking classes and also private tuitions. We came to know that this mushrooming was due to ‘Haushla Afjaaayi Sceme’ of state government who would reward students promoted from class ninth to tenth and those who passed tenth board examination with first division marks. Parent would supplement government school education with private tuitions (Rs.50-100 per student) and coaching for class eighth upwards. But this was not the case for poor who had higher dropout rates. Regarding this the role of AKRSP is worthwhile to mention that it ran Learning and Support Centre (LSC) in minority and dalit tolas which imparted free education at nominal fee of Rs. 10 per child per month for two hours in the morning at 22 centres. It was not considered as substitute for schools rather a complement to emphasize role and awareness regarding education. It attracted students from muslim community and dalits who could not afford high cost otherwise. Here education was more fun rather than drudgery unlike government schools. 6. 1. 1 Factors affecting primary education: a). Parents- Parents attitude and perception regarding the education determines the education and aspiration of children. This attitude and perception in turn is decided by the education of the parents, environment they live in, earnings, some past experiences and interest in child development. Muhammadpur Kowari village had 58% muslim population and 42% hindus of lower castes and their education level and income was very low. Mostly worked as farmers, laborers, and rickshaw pullers and migrated to other states and cities as land holding was less while family size was quite large. So they had a pressure to earn from the very beginning and hardly anyone was matriculate except few. Given the constraints they could not afford good education or think big and were reluctant as many had daughters to marry. Though fathers were not so optimistic regarding education of the child but mothers were very conscious and enthusiastic. Mostly the reply came they don’t want their children to suffer hardships as they had and education was the way to end misery by getting better jobs and lifestyle. Migrant workers that returned on Chhath and BakrId had exposure to outside world and emphasized the need of education and it was evident in their family. However there existed a disparity between spending on education of male and female child in financially sound or medium families whereas there was slight or no difference in poor families as both sexes went to same school and no access to tuitions or coachings or private school. The difference was owing to notion that male child would support family while girls are a liability. b). Teachers- Their qualification, training, apathy, absenteeism or engagement in other works( e. g. election duty, vaccination drives etc. ) proves to be a deciding factor in shaping the minds and thus aspirations of the children. The differentiation on basis of caste, religion or gender has very deleterious effect emotionally and psychologically. Such children develop low self esteem, unwantedness and develop bitterness. In this village when the teachers were interviewed regarding this topic they agreed the lack of staff s (4 teachers were for a middle school upto 8th standard) and hampering of studies due to other official works. Also, the teachers arrived late for the duty and could be seen chatting on the verandah and had no concerns what was going inside the classroom. The lack of trained teachers was felt as para teachers appointed to take classes were not qualified enough to take classes off higher standards. In 2 schools it was found that more than 1 class was going on in a single classroom and in 1 school had 2 rooms only so the classes were conducted under a thatched roof. It was common in many schools the student of class 6 had less learning what would have been otherwise obvious for class 4 reasons being the quality of teaching in government school. An incident was there when a teacher was asked in an informal conversation about aforesaid e. g. he told parents would come and quarrel that my child knows less than the ‘Y’ child and create nuisance so they had to pass all. As a result of this child would fare badly in high classes. Moreover the mismanagement of funds in midday meal scheme was brought in a notice in panchayat meeting. In another example when an Anganwadi staff was asked about the afternoon meal offered at anganwadi she told that out of Rs. 10,000 allocated Rs. 6000 would be shared among officer issuing the fund and the rest would serve the purpose naturally the quality will decline. c). Students- When the students were interviewed along with emoticons it was a real fun for them. However it was tried best to interview them post school so in front of teachers they would hesitate and could not express freely. Female students were interviewed in school only because of the conservative nature of the households and they used to come from far places. In schools as well as at LSCs the performance of girls was better than that of boys. The students had interest and had better result in mathematics but had poor performance in language paper. According to the survey it s because of 2 reasons- teaching was boring and teacher was usually absent, secondly many students had been taught in urdu at home and thus had difficulty in writing in hindi. When boys were asked about being absent from school they gave following reasons- going to relatives house ( as it was a festival time), helping father in fields( sowing time for tobacco and cauliflower), no teaching in school as many teachers were either absent or had taken leave after the election duty. Also, there were boys who came to school but did not attend classes as their peers were playing. However girls had a different reason as some of them had to look after their younger brother or sister while her mother went to work in fields while some of them accompanied their parents to pusa road market to sell vegetables. But surprisingly the attendance, interest and performance of the students were better at LSC because it incorporated rhymes, playthings, drawing and games period and more dynamic teachers. LSC had meeting with parents once a month, emphasized on curricular activities as well. It had organized ‘Bal Sabha’ (parent’s day) on 19th November which was a new experience for kids and more fun. d). School infrastructure- The debilitated conditions of government schools with leaky roofs, lack of drinking water and toilets is a discouraging factor for girl child enrollment and also absenteeism. Lack of teaching aids, text books, sports articles makes teaching learning process a monotonous act so a child tries different ways to escape school. Also, bullying by other boys or fear of corporeal punishment by teachers is a major cause of dropouts and absenteeism in these schools. All these were common in the village and absenteeism was more in rainy season as school had lessrooms or was leaky. One can imagine the scene of two classes commencing in a single room and learning of child in this environment. Moreover if there were any marriages around it was a practice to stay Baraat in the school so unofficially it was a kin of holiday. e). Economic condition of family- This factor was found to be the most important factor along with parent’s attitude and perception during the village stay. Now here are 4 cases- firstly the family was poor and wanted the child to continue study, secondly they wanted child to earn or assist in fields or do other works for livelihood, thirdly family was well off and could afford education and fourthly they wanted them to look after agriculture as land holding and agricultural income was more so they felt there is no need to study. It has been discussed in detail in parents section. f). Societal culture – It describes how the society affects parents and children thinking and feeling about education and what they aspire to become in future. At Muhammadpur Kowari the villagers were involved in agriculture and labor works mainly and were either illiterate or had very less formal education so they were less informed. They viewed education as a way to overcome poverty by seeking jobs such as teaching, police, army, government service etc. So any successful example of anyone getting such jobs was looked with respect and younger generation wanted to emulate his success. On the other hand many of the views that every educated man does not gets the government job so there is no use to study and wanted their child to engage in works. Another kind of thought that emerged was to seek benefit of schemes by enrolling child to school or to engage naughty children for few hours or the meal served in the afternoon at school. Many dalits had bitter experience of discrimination in the past and viewed education and ‘aspirations’ as privilege of upper class and caste and it would make no difference to their conditions. Muslims send their children to madarsa for education and by 14 years of age they dropped out to learn some tailoring or masonry works to earn bread and butter. Very few muslim households send their children to school and those belonging to Sheikhs and business class had tutors for their children. Home tutors were available for girl child because of parda system they were not going outside the village to study and after 8th standard they dropped out. However it was a matter of surprise that these girls when interviewed were happier and had no desire to study further and it had developed in their society as upper limit of girl education.. One more observation was that muslim family had no issues in sending their girl child to LSCs run by AKRSP because it was nearby or in their locality and mostly the female teachers were in that centres. Hence concern for security and parda system was guiding the aspirations. 6. 2 ODISHA Village:Badampada Block:Kaptipada District:Mayurbhanj State: Odisha 6. 2. 1 Village:Badampada: -The village Badampada is 60 kms from Baripada, the district head quarter of Mayurbhanj. It is around 8 km away from block head quarter, kaptipada. The place I visited is coming under tribal belt of Mayurbhanj. The Similipal reserve forest is near to our village. since the area is surrounded by the dense forest, people are more involved into NTFP collection from the jungle. Since the forest cover is depleting day by day, more people are diverted towards agriculture. Besides agriculture, some people depend on livestock. A very few people are salaried and a small fraction of the villagers are businessmen. The literacy rate of Orissa is 63. 08% (2001 census), while the literacy rate of the district is 52. 43%. The literacy rate of the district is not par with the state, because the tribe constitute 57. 67% of the total population of the state. Since there was very less tribal family in our village, literacy rate of the village is more than that of district i. e 60%. The various schemes are implemented by the state govt to attract the children to the school. The children in the primary school are provided Mid Day meal . The students are also text books, free of cost through District Primary Education Programme (DPEP). To improve the female literacy rate, the state Govt is providing school uniform to girls in the primary school. TheState govt. declared Rs 500 cr for Sarva Siksha Abhijan scheme . There is a primary school in the village, badampada which caters to the need of nearby villages like vaisnab sahi,Dhumkheta ,sisodia etc. Among them Vaisnab Sahi is the tribal dominated village. 6. 2. 2 Factors Affecting aspiration of the Children of Primary School * Parents- School students in the village are enthusiastic about education; however, parents are not very supportive. Most parents seem to think education as a meaningless practice without any real benefit. Most people in the village are from the working class, they force their children to help them in their work. I found major difference between Odiya and tribal families. While parents of Odiya family are very much enthusiastic to send their children to school, the case is opposite is in tribal families. * Teachers-The teachers play a vital role in the primary education. The teachers in the village show very little interest towards the education . I came to know, some teachers are involved in parallel business during school time. They do not work for the entire duration of their duty period and go home early. Another trick used by teachers is periodic presence by teachers (at a particular time one teacher remains present, while may be the remaining one is absent) . I am reliably informed that the school Head master was caught while stealing eggs which were provide for Mid day meal . * School Infrastructure- There is two class rooms and one office room in the primary school. So multiple classes are going on in one class room. The situation inside the class room is very much chaotic. It is very difficult on the part of the teacher to handle the multiple classes at a time. I have observed number children moving outside the classroom during school time. The teacher student ratio is 38 in the school. The school children are not getting books at the right time. No audio visual aid is provided to the school. * Economic status – The parents of the well off family send their children to English Medium School at Kaptipada. Due to poor economic status of the tribal household, they can’t afford the other facilities to their children during festival period; there is high absenteeism in the school in case of tribal students. Since they are not provided with any amusement in their home, they attend the fair without going to school. Some children help their household working in others firm to meet the day to day household consumption. * Societal Culture- Children imbibes from the society, surrounding them. Since, the parents are not much aware about the benefit of the education; they don’t motivate their children to attend the school. They are in favour of instant income. Children leave school in early age to earn money in tribal family. 6. 3 HARYANA Village : Gundiani Block : Mustafabad Tehsil : Jaghadhari District : Yamuna Nagar 6. 3. 1 Village: Gundiani: – A small village of population 494, located about 4 km away from a small town called Mustafabad, connected via road and rail routes. According to my fieldwork stay , village seems to be prosperous and it was supported by government data of BPL family number which was eight only out of total 68 households. Major income generating source of villagers is agriculture and apparently few villagers do have some business and services options as well which they have chosen over agriculture, even there are some instances of villagers going abroad for earning livelihood. Hence as the sources of income was varied so the income level was also have a varied range of about one lakh to 60 lakh per annum. Infrastructures related to education available in village boundaries were a government primary school, however within a 3 km radius of village one government higher secondary school, three private schools were located and school buses of 3-4 prominent private schools of which one include Delhi Public School, ply to the village for picking students. Literacy rate of Haryana is 67. 91 % ( 2006 data ), and that of the Yamuna nagar district is 72. 20 % ( 2006 data ) while that of village Gundiani was found to be 68. 81% ( 2010 data collected by Kamal & Sandeep). Well irrespective of all these infrastructure the literacy level of village was on not a brighter side as compared to overall state literacy level and on the lower side as compared to that of district. This can be attributed to the previous generation literacy as the thinking of previous generation was that they need to do agriculture only, so there is no need of education for that, hence this thinking pulled down the overall literacy level to lower side. 6. 3. 2 Factors affecting aspiration of primary school children: * Parents: They play the most important role as home is the building stone of the child’s life and in the home the family i. e parents play a vital role in aspiring the child for education. Educational qualification of parents is a major factor which shapes the thinking of parents towards education and future of their child. In village Gundiani, although the literacy level was low but still parents were conscious enough about education of their child. But they were not aware of future aspects and where to get this information. Parents just see other children from the village and their society and hence understand the importance of education and hence inspire high for the children. * Teachers: At primary level teachers influence the most the future of a child as they mold the mind of a child and hence inspire the actions of child towards life and education as well. In village Gundiani, in government primary school there were only two teachers and they were taking enough pain to work towards better future of students. They used to educated students regarding what they have to face in future if they don’t study well and always used to give examples of various other people from their village only so that children can easily relate them and can learn easily the importance of education. While in the private schools in nearby areas it was not so as the teachers employed by majority of schools were not well qualified, they were there to just teach from text books and were helping the children to understand the importance of education. But still the parents tend to send their child to a private school, the main reason behind this was that admitting your child to private school was seen as a status symbol in the village, and even few poor people used to send their child just to develop their status. Hence we can say that the teachers play a vital role developing the aspirations of a child at primary level. * School Infrastructure: This is one of the vital components affecting the aspiration of children and their perception towards education. In the village Gundiani the government school was having two class rooms and one room for mid day meal scheme meal preparation. There were six standards in the school but there were only two class rooms in each of which three consecutive standards were taught by teachers side by side. While in case of nearby private schools each standard was taught in different class room and enough teachers were available but the qualification of teachers was questionable to some extent. In the class rooms teaching aid were available in case of government schools while in some of the few private schools they were thinking of incorporating it. * Economic Status: Economic status of family matters a lot in case of the education provided to the child and hence in direct proportion affects the inspirations of the child as well parents towards education. As the family income largely determines the chances of a child getting education and its quality depending upon the schools to which children are sent. Apart from the school the outside school education and facilities provided by parents according to their economic status like availing school bus so that child can go to far off better school and also time wastage in traveling can be minimized, availing private tuitions, better text books. Also better economic status of parents give a high confidence level to the child and in turn all the above factors highly influence the inspirations of child as well that of parents towards education of their child. * Societal culture: This section basically include the society and culture the village which highly affect the thinking of parents, teachers and in the end that of child. In society parents see the other children and then compare their child with others and hence try that their child also progress up to some benchmark set by them. Also availability of few role models in the village like few villagers have migrated to other big cities due to jobs and a few migrated foreign which proved to be role models for the parents of other children and hence they also wanted their child to prosper in life and get up to those positions. For this the parents were clearly aware that their child needs to be sent to school. Hence the societal cultures of the village influence significantly the inspiration of the parents in in turn that of the child. 6. 4 KERALA It is possible to say that the state of Kerala has a unique position in the education map of India with a literacy rate of 90. 92%. This rate is the highest in India according to 2001 census. Out of which literacy rate of men and women accounts to 94. 2% and 87. 86% respectively. Kerala became the first state in India to declare full literacy in one district called Ernakulam (1990). With the support of central government, government of Kerala launched a number of programmes in education sector. One of such programmes is â€Å"Akshara Keralam† introduced in 1991. It was aimed at bringing maximum number of illiterates to schools and other study centres. Apart from all these NGO interventions on education are also there in rural and backward areas of Kerala. In April1991 Kerala was declared as fully literate state by NLM (As per the norms of NLM, a literacy rate above 90 % shall be treated as complete literacy). Kerala topped the Education Development Index (EDI) among 21 major states in India in year 2006-2007. A report by NLM in 2007 states that Mizoram surpassed Kerala in literacy rate. SSA is also running well in Kerala. CDS, Trivandrum is monitoring the activities of SSA in Kerala. Kerala has made major achievements in school enrolment at the primary level and in preventing drop outs. Education providers in Kerala include both government and private parties. The percentage of private aided schools is considerably high. Government schools constitute 33% of total schools in Kerala. Education in these schools is completely free. Government aided private schools and fully private owned schools accounts to 45% and 22% respectively. Number of primary schools in Kerala is 6712(2551-govt, 4003-aided private, 158-unaided private) Education accounts for more than one third of the total revenue expenditure of the state. The per capita expenditure on education is the second highest among states in India. 6. 4. 1 Idukki District Profile Idukki is the high range district of Kerala. It is famous for its Mountainous Hills and Spices. This district occupies 13% of the area of Kerala. It can be said that for Keralites Idukki, means power generation also. About 66% of the state’s power needs come from the Hydroelectric Power Projects in Idukki. 88. 58% of the district population is literate. Male literacy rate (92%) is much higher compared to female literacy rate (85%). 6. 4. 2 Karunapuram Village Profile Karunapuram village comes under Udumbanchola taluka of Idukki and Nedumkandam block. It has a population of 26033 according to 2001 census. The major source of income is agriculture and allied activities. The literacy rate of this village is 87%. 40 Anganwadis are there. 6. 4. 3 Factors affecting the educational aspirations and their role in Karunapuram * Parents: -.

Food Additives Essays - Food And Drug Administration, Food Additives

Food Additives Essays - Food And Drug Administration, Food Additives Food Additives Food Additives Food additives have been used for thousands of years. In prehistoric times, salt was probably used to preserve meat and fish. Our ancestors also found that large amounts of sugar helped preserve fruit and that cucumbers could be preserved in a vinegar solution. The ancient Egyptians used sulfites to stop bacterial growth and fermentation in wine. They also used extracts from beetles for food coloring. Vegetable dyes from juniper fruits or beech-root juice were popular colorings in the Middle Ages, although wary kings began to employ garglers to test their mealsperhaps for additives that did not originate in the kitchen (Editors of Prevention Magazine 1993). Today, salt, sugar, and corn syrup are by far the most widely used additives. The role of food additives has become more prominent in recent years, due in part to the increased production of prepared, processed, and convenience foods. At the same time, consumers, scientists, and others have raised questions about the necessity and safety of these substances. Although limited amounts of food additives are necessary to guarantee adequate food supplies for a growing population, their use is strictly controlled by laws that assure consumers that foods are safe to eat and accurately labeled (FDA/IFIC 1998). Many people tend to think of any additive added to foods as a complex chemical compound but that ideology is quite wrong. A food additive is a substance or mixture of substances, other than basic foodstuffs, present in food as a result of any aspect of production, processing, storage, or packaging (Winter 1984). Salt, baking soda, vanilla, and yeast are all food additives and are commonly used in processed foods today. By law, the label must identify the food product in a language the consumer can understand. It must indicate the manufacturer, the packer, or distributor, and declare the quantity of contents either in net weight or volume, and the ingredients must be declared on the label in order of predominance (Winter 1984). The useful functions of food additives are often taken for granted, but their purpose is as varied as the foods in which they are used. Additives prevent salad dressings from separating, salt from becoming lumpy, and packaged goods from spoiling on the grocery shelf. They keep cured meat products safe to eat and give margarine its yellow color. The addition of vitamins and minerals to milk, flour, cereals, and breads was a key factor in the disappearance of diseases such as goiter, rickets, pellagra, and beriberi in the United States over the last fifty years. Since most people today are concentrated in big cities and their suburbs, additives help keep the nutritional and aesthetic quality of food from degrading while en route to markets. Additives also improve the nutritional value of certain foods and can make them more appealing by improving their taste, texture, consistency, or color (FDA/IFIC 1998). Some additives could be eliminated if we were willing to grow our own food, harvest and grind it, spend many hours cooking and canning, or accept increased risks of food spoilage. Most people have come to rely on the many technological, aesthetic, and convenience benefits that additives provide in food (FDA/IFIC 1998). We want pretty foods because consumers have been subjected to the beautiful pictures of foods in popular magazines and on television. Food purveyors are only responding to the changes in society (Winter 1984). Additives are used in foods for five main reasons. (1) To provide leavening or control acidity/alkalinity. (2) To enhance flavor or impart desired color. (3) To maintain product consistency. (4) To maintain palatability and wholesomeness. (5) To improve or maintain nutritional value (FDA/IFIC 1998). Many substances added to food may seem odd when seen listed on the ingredient label, but these chemicals that sound so intimidating are actually quite familiar. It is helpful to remember that all food is simply made of Carbon, Hydrogen and other chemical elements like Oxygen and Nitrogen. Dr. Melvin A. Benarde feels that the public is being widely misinformed about the chemical additives in processed foods. He points out that without these chemical additives, many of the convenience foods we use would not be available (Benarde 1971). Under the Food, Drug, and Cosmetic Act, the term food additive is defined as any

Jury Duty essays

Jury Duty essays Jury system is a trial system that twelve citizens decide whether defendants are guilty or is unanimous. The jurors are all laypersons , as far as law is concerned. There is a reason verdict. If one jury is against the verdict,it is regarded as being room for doubt. are direct participation of American people, conventional judgement by people, fair stage resistance against polictics' and judical plot, and making of democratic consciousness. public prosecutor submit unlawful proof without trial permission, counsel makes an judge can't admit counsel's objection. Defendant is at a disadvantage. However, there is a jury system will check rotting of trial. Jurors need not explain reason of verdict to court. of investigation is dirty and viorate human rights, they can decide the defendant is can decide defendant is innocent even if a public prosecutor has disadvantageous proofs Juries who are representative of citizen make the decision value about proof. But, Jerome delegates of legal realists, criticized jury system in Law irresponsible juries' products of caprice and prejudice, for example, the defendant is a rich plaintiff is a poor boy and the counsel is an eloquent speaker. Such facts often decide who He characterizes that juries have tendency to like weak people and hate strong people. to have many problems. A sophisticated and rich person, a person of position and a busy not want to become a juror, because juries are bound for all trial period and therefore afford time for trial can become a juror, such as a housewife, an old person and an ...

lie detector essays

lie detector essays People tell lies and deceive others for many reasons. Most often, lying is a defense mechanism used to avoid trouble with the law, bosses or authority figures. Sometimes, you can tell when someone's lying, but other times it may not be so easy. Lie detectors are instruments that monitor a person's physiological reactions. A polygraph instrument is basically a combination of medical devices that are used to monitor changes occurring in the body. A person is questioned about a certain event or incident, the examiner looks to see how the person's heart rate, blood pressure, respiratory rate and electro-dermal activity (sweatiness) change in comparison to normal levels. Fluctuations may indicate that person is being deceptive, but exam results are open to interpretation by the examiner. The environments of a room are considerably important. The room should be completely quiet, not too dry or not too humanity. If it is too dry, then it can cause a cough. This will destroy the purpose of t est. The room also should be considered with room temperature and lighting. A person who is being tested should be block from any kinds of disturbances except by the examiner. The examiner also has to be a neat feature and use the standard language with a steady tone of voice. After done with a question, the examiner should not move for 25 seconds. The question shouldnt be too long or too short. After all of these requirements are satisfied, then the examiner is able to tell whether deceptive behavior is being displayed. A lie detector is not a device to detect lies rather it can detect whether deceptive behavior is being displayed. There is an ethical issue involved with lie detectors. Lie detectors are used in many places and situations like FBI, police departments, employments with permission of future employees, and etc. But we can not completely rely on the results with the device because some people can manipulate their results with controlling ...

Affect of team sport on children Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 500 words

Affect of team sport on children - Essay Example Children who get involve in team sports from a very early age tend to learn more than those who lag behind in physical activities (Taylor, Blair and Cummings). Sports deal with three basic spheres of personality development; physiological, psycho-social, and cognition. The biological growth of a child is optimized through physical activity. It offers development of muscles, increases in height, prevents obesity, and induces the habit of regular exercise. Social facilitation is the phenomenon that explains why people tend to perform well in an activity while doing it with others. The idea of promoting children to play team sports is to use the principle of social facilitation, in order to motivate them to strive hard towards achieving their goals. Another important role of sports in early years of life is related to cognitive development. Sportsmen spirit and fair play are the two qualities that are best learnt by getting involved in sports. Coordination and cooperation are the two main elements of a team sport. One of the purposes of encouraging children to involve in team based sports is to sharpen their social skills. A team is no less than an organization that offers interdependence between team members. A child can learn a lot of things by playing team sports. These games offer children an opportunity to learn how to behave in an organization. Further, a child, who is regularly involved in playing team sports, learns how to deal with competitive environment. Team sports, enhance interpersonal communication skills, moreover, they teach tolerance and acceptance within an individual. The quality of teamwork determines the success of an organization; a successful organization is one in which all the team members work in collaboration to each other (Cabane and Clark). Collaboration refers to the synchronization of individual activities in pursuing a single goal. For instance, in soccer the main aim of a team is to score maximum goals, however, there are only two

Human resource 420 Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Human resource 420 - Assignment Example Also, in relation to the successful completion of the internship program, I received two letters of accreditation with ‘A’ grade certification. I feel that this particular achievement will definitely help me in fulfilling my ultimate and predetermined goals. Moreover, the achievement would enable me to develop the work as an efficient HR recruitment coordinator. The best thing to discuss about my college is that the authorities themselves provided me with the opportunity to undergo the internship programs for which I am very much thankful to my college. In addition, the college authority provided me with the prospect of conducting along with participating in numerous workshops and also made me engaged in performing different HR related activities. These eventually developed my theoretical as well as practical skills linked with HR field by a considerable level. There still lays a greater scope for acquiring sufficient knowledge that my college will provide to me as there are still 14 months to complete my course. This fact makes me keep going in the positive mode for acquiring more and more HR related skills. Before beginning my graduate program, it was pre-planned that I would have my specialization in HR because this particular field is always been my favorite as I deeply favor the aspect of identifying human talents. It strongly represents my interest area and also I possess a strong zeal to start and pursue a career in the field of HR just after my graduation (Hansen, 1996). The college in which I am studying is home to several reputed professors who possess variable amount of industrial exposure in dissimilar fields. And fortunately, our HR subject is taught by an authoritative individual who shares a friendly attitude, having specialization in the field of recruitment for several years. During the past one and half years of my educational program, I met several people who liked to share common interests relating to the concerned filed or subj ect matter. Me and my fellow classmates were continuously engaged in participating several counseling sessions and discussed along with solved numerous project reports and assignments in a cohesive manner. It can be affirmed that the graduation program not only supported me to gain valuable insight about HR, but also provided me with greater knowledge and understanding of other subject areas. These subject areas encompass marketing, finance, statistics, managerial economics and business communication among others (Hansen, 1996). Short-term goals: In the next 14 months, I plan on completing my graduate course with maximum score, so that I could get a proper assistance in relation to placement. As the course is continuing to provide me with all diversity in the modern education process, I strongly feel that I will be able to grasp all those necessary skills that are required to get a kick start in the corporate sector. I am trying to create a strong co-ordination with reputed companie s that my college has tied up. This might support me to fulfill my ultimate goal by a certain extent. Even tough, I have developed a strong interrelation with the placement cell in my college which might enable me to get a good job in future. I am studying very hard in order to fulfill my

International and Pacific Asian Business Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 3000 words

International and Pacific Asian Business - Essay Example New Trade Theories The new trade theories address the area of competitive strategy in various ways, usually (but not always) relating to globalisation. Sloman (2005 p.307) identifies the following as reasons for organisations to expand beyond their home nation: access to new markets, new customers, new supply sources and new ideas and skills. They also have to deal with competition within their home nation from overseas organisations who can produce goods at a lower cost or with some innovative function or features. One of the main reasons organisations go overseas is to reduce their overall costs. Sloman (2005 pp.310-311) identifies the following as areas within which costs can be reduced by setting up operations overseas: Resource costs, including labour Skills held by workers, including entrepreneurial and management skills Cost reductions as a result of the learning curve Economies of scale Transport costs Government policies. Many of these areas are addressed by new trade theori es. Economies of Scale Economies of scale result from increasing production capacity to reduce the overall costs of production. Lynch (2009 p.801) defines them as â€Å"the extra cost savings that occur when higher-volume production allows unit costs to be reduced†. ... The presence of economies of scale can prevent new competitors entering the market if they involve large-scale production facilities or very specialised facilities requiring significant capital investment to replicate. Demand-Led Growth Setterfield (2003, p.25) identifies a counterpoint to the focus on supply-side driven growth in the form of demand-led growth. He outlines two effects on growth rates stemming from the demand-side of the growth equation: the potential for demand failures in the long run, and the impact of demand conditions on productive resources over time. The theory states that â€Å"there is no supply-determined equilibrium† (ibid) for output levels. Instead output levels are determined by relatively autonomous demand conditions coupled with supply-side conditions. Setterfield (2005, p.26) says that â€Å"the sequence of short-run outcomes associated with the demand-determined utilisation of productive resources traces out the economy’s long-run grow th path† and does not automatically to the output path of the economy. He further points out that â€Å"the potential growth rate of the economy depends on the growth of physical capacity, labour resources and factor productivity† but that â€Å"each of these is affected by the demand-determined actual rate of growth† (ibid). In short, demand-led growth requires attention to be paid to the demand side of the supply = demand equation. The Product Life-Cycle Every product has a life-cycle, starting with growth and ending with decline and obsolescence: Figure 1: The stages in a product’s life cycle (Source: Sloman, 2005, p.313) When considering the global situation, launch would normally take place in the country

Sarbanes Oxley Act and Independence Responsibility View Research Paper

Sarbanes Oxley Act and Independence Responsibility View - Research Paper Example The scandals not only adversely affected the share price but also the general public lost trust on the securities market. Hence the Sarbanes Oxley Act was formed to increase the accountability of the public company so that in future such type of scandals can be avoided. In this project a detail analysis has been made on the Sarbanes Oxley Act and independence responsibility view. The US GAAP has also been analyzed in the view of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. The US companies prepare the financial statement as per the US GAAP but due to the enactment of this act the public companies has to give some more disclosure apart from GAAP. This project involves a detail analysis of the problems of the Sarbanes Act and the US GAAP. The study also includes how and to what extent the act has impacted to the investor, officers of the company, directors, members and other stakeholders. At the end recommendations have been made on how the problems of this act can be solved and investor’s interest can be protected. Brief Overview of Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Sarbanes Oxley Act was enacted on July 30th, 2002. It increased the sanders to be maintained by all the public companies, its management and accounting firms.... It increased the sanders to be maintained by all the public companies, its management and accounting firms. The name of this law was given after the name of the US senator and US representative Paul S Sarbanes and Michael G Oxley respectively. This act has eleven main elements. They are as follows:- a) Public Company Accounting Oversight Board- This part contains nine sections. These are related to administration, establishment, audit, commission, accounting standards etc. This board also gives guidance on registration of auditors and also specifies the rules and procedures for conducting audit. b) Auditors Independence- This title mainly signifies the standards regarding the independence of the external auditors. It contains nine sections. These sections deals with the criteria for approval and preapproval of auditors, rotation of audit partners, audit reports and everything related to the auditors and their work. c) Corporate responsibility- This part contain eight sections which d eals with the company’s responsibility toward financial reports, forfeiture of profits and bonuses, audit committees of public company etc. As per this title the executives of the company should make sure that the financial reports are accurate and complete. It also signifies the penalties for non compliance of the guidelines. d) Enhanced financial disclosure- This part contains nine sections. This part signifies that the financial statements should also disclose those transactions which are not represented in the balance sheet. It also signifies the ethics to be followed by the financial officers. e) Analyst Conflicts of Interest- This part signifies the measures which should be taken so that the investor can trust the security analyst’s reports. It contains

Newspaper Article or News Program Discussion Post Essay

Newspaper Article or News Program Discussion Post - Essay Example The article argues that discretion is a function of many variables that differ from case to case. Therefore, how to apply discretion for the best results in all or most cases cannot be reduced to a simple formula that can be used to guide prosecutors (Davis 30). Without such as guide, prosecutors are given too much freedom and power and this leads to abuse and injustice. The issue of prosecutorial discretion came under spotlight recently when Attorney General told prosecutors that they are under no obligation to defend unjust laws (Gershman). This raises the question of whether they can nullify laws. If prosecutors are under no obligation to defend unjust laws, they are effectively nullifying those laws. This is a further evidence of the wide powers of prosecutors given to them under the doctrine of prosecutorial discretion. A prosecutor with a political agenda can apply the law selectively and that is manifest injustice (Davis 26). The issue of prosecutorial discretion is important because it inevitably comes up in discussion about injustice in criminal justice system especially now when the number of cases of wrongful conviction are increasing. It appears there is need to relook into discretionary powers or strengthen accountability. Gershman, Bennett. "Refusing to Defend Unjust Laws: Prosecutorial Discretion or Prosecutorial Nullification?." The Huffington Post. TheHuffingtonPost.com, 27 Feb. 2014. Web. 28 Feb. 2014.

Sarbanes Oxley Act and Independence Responsibility View Research Paper

Sarbanes Oxley Act and Independence Responsibility View - Research Paper Example The scandals not only adversely affected the share price but also the general public lost trust on the securities market. Hence the Sarbanes Oxley Act was formed to increase the accountability of the public company so that in future such type of scandals can be avoided. In this project a detail analysis has been made on the Sarbanes Oxley Act and independence responsibility view. The US GAAP has also been analyzed in the view of the Sarbanes Oxley Act. The US companies prepare the financial statement as per the US GAAP but due to the enactment of this act the public companies has to give some more disclosure apart from GAAP. This project involves a detail analysis of the problems of the Sarbanes Act and the US GAAP. The study also includes how and to what extent the act has impacted to the investor, officers of the company, directors, members and other stakeholders. At the end recommendations have been made on how the problems of this act can be solved and investor’s interest can be protected. Brief Overview of Sarbanes Oxley Act of 2002 Sarbanes Oxley Act was enacted on July 30th, 2002. It increased the sanders to be maintained by all the public companies, its management and accounting firms.... It increased the sanders to be maintained by all the public companies, its management and accounting firms. The name of this law was given after the name of the US senator and US representative Paul S Sarbanes and Michael G Oxley respectively. This act has eleven main elements. They are as follows:- a) Public Company Accounting Oversight Board- This part contains nine sections. These are related to administration, establishment, audit, commission, accounting standards etc. This board also gives guidance on registration of auditors and also specifies the rules and procedures for conducting audit. b) Auditors Independence- This title mainly signifies the standards regarding the independence of the external auditors. It contains nine sections. These sections deals with the criteria for approval and preapproval of auditors, rotation of audit partners, audit reports and everything related to the auditors and their work. c) Corporate responsibility- This part contain eight sections which d eals with the company’s responsibility toward financial reports, forfeiture of profits and bonuses, audit committees of public company etc. As per this title the executives of the company should make sure that the financial reports are accurate and complete. It also signifies the penalties for non compliance of the guidelines. d) Enhanced financial disclosure- This part contains nine sections. This part signifies that the financial statements should also disclose those transactions which are not represented in the balance sheet. It also signifies the ethics to be followed by the financial officers. e) Analyst Conflicts of Interest- This part signifies the measures which should be taken so that the investor can trust the security analyst’s reports. It contains

Organizational Structure Paper Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words - 4

Organizational Structure Paper - Essay Example Starbucks’s reorganization of its structure has come in the trail of its rapid growth. With rapid growth, the firm has encountered more challenges in satisfying its customers and this has increased the concern on how the firm will operate in the future. To deal with these new challenges, the firm, under the leadership of Howard Schultz, has deiced to take a matrix structure. A matrix organizational structure is considered to be the best organizational structure since it helps the organization to better utilize its resources (Galbraith, 2008). In a matrix organizational structure such as found in Starbucks, all resources, especially human resources, are not fixed on one function but are loosely attached so that they can be deployed to be used in any part of the organization when they are needed there (Simms, 2008). Starbucks has employed this structure, to go align with its new needs for human resources. The matrix structure in Starbucks is implemented over the functional structure which forms the chassis of Starbucks’ structure. The Starbucks is in contrast to that of its competitor, MacDonald’s (Torresjan, 2014). MacDonald’s is a fast food restaurant that sells fast food as well as coffee and is also based in the US (Jargon, 2013). The firm uses a hierarchal structure headed at the top by a chief executive officer who oversees the firms (Torresjan, 2014). According to (Macdonlads.com, 2014) the CEO Don Thompson and oversees all of MacDonalds business across the world. However, although the MacDonald’s organizational structure is different from that is Starbucks by taking up a hierarchical structure, it is also similar to the one for Starbucks in that it also takes a functional structure where various functions at certain levels are given to the different people (The Associated Press, 2011). However, the main difference is the

Controversial novels Essay Example for Free

Controversial novels Essay Argued to be one of Hardys most controversial novels, published in 1891 during an era when the underprivileged classes of society, were submissive to superstitious beliefs in particular those such as luck spiritual beings and ultimately fate which were the foundations of lower class civilisation, Tess of the DUrbervilles presents a story of Fate toying with the life of the Heroine Tess. Fate is an influential part of the plot because it is what dictates her life. Events in the beginning of the novel begin a domino effect that cannot be reverse, thus Her fate is already chosen and all she can do is live through the events that happen to her. Whilst Walkers Colour purple is written during an era of gender social and racial inequalities narrated through Celie whose life consisting of an abundance of obstacles refuses to give into the Fate which determined the lives of poor uneducated black females during the 1930s. What exactly is Fate, is it in our personalities, actions and character or are our lives controlled by a supposed force or power which predetermines events in our lifes, meaning regardless of what we do we are unable to change our destiny. This theme is explored thoroughly by Thomas Hardy through his heroine Tess who is portrayed as a victim of fate throughout the novel, chance and coincidence bring about disasters in the novel that we can claim occur due to fate, it appears the main characters are subject to forces beyond their control. The author employs a very fatalistic plot throughout the novel making Tess endure whatever is thrown at her . In the first chapter of the book the horse Prince dies, this is seen as Tess fault as she falls as sleep due to being exhausted, this happens at night when the weather is very depressed. Hardy uses pathetic fallacy by claiming the atmosphere was pale, this makes the reader feel tension and also an expectation of tragedy . This scene is similar to that of the one at the chase when Alec finds Tess unconscious and may have raped her which is ultimately up to speculation. It is clear that Hardy uses the death of prince to create a sense of foreboding as this episode and the one at the chase are extremely similar, on both occasions Tess has fallen asleep due to tiredness and also the weather is used as an indication for what is to follow. From this we can question whether these events are down to fate and also ask if Hardy pre-determines Tess fate and future through her early actions thus her future is unalterable so there is nothing she can do to change. This has lead to the critic The Irvine Howe has writing: May we see her purely as a victim, like the white horse, the pheasants, the animals who are killed at harvest time? Hers is a poor wounded name This supports The interpretation that Tess life was controlled by Fate the just like the events in the novel such as the horses death and the death of the pheasants which all acted as a sense of foreboding and events which pre determine Tess death. Towards the latter stages of the novel during chapter 46, Hardy again emphasises the significant role Fate has played in Tess life and misfortunes. Firstly at the bottom of page 320 Tess states How can I pray for you? When I am forbidden to believe that the great power who moves the world would alter his plans on my account? Tess is telling Alec that she has lost her belief in God as her prayers do not move him. Therefore she is indicating this is happening because God already has his plans made and what she wants makes no difference because she is not important enough for him to change them, thus empowering the element of Fate and its restrictions on her ability to change. Alice Walker, author of The Colour Purple approaches the theme of Fate and destiny in a similar way to Hardy to a certain extent, in The Colour Purple the character Celie goes through a series of events at the beginning of the novel, she is raped by her father on several occasions is forced to give away the children that she conceived through him then her sister Nettie is forced to leave the home in which Celie lives due to her Husband Mr , but later on in the novel we learn that Nettie is now living with the family that adopted her sisters children. This shows that Alice Walker purposely portrayed Celies life as a victim of Fate, but gives her character an opportunity to resist this fate which results in a positive outcome for Celie. Its possible to say that Walker highlights the fact that although we may be victims of Fate we are able to control this Fate and our, she does this by showing that Celie is in fact not a victim of fate and unlike Tess her own actions are what allow her to change her destiny. We can say this because Celie confides in God through her letters, giving her hope and belief and she restrains herself from killing the man who has brought her pain and suffering, Mr , unlike Tess . Celies ability to change and prevent Fate from controlling her life is ultimately down to the letters she writes to God, she tells her sister Nettie Long as I can spell G-o-d I got somebody along She believes she is never alone or hopeless as long as she has God in her life, writing to God gives her hope, this hope is what helps her overcome the negative aspects of her Fatalistic path that seemed as though her life would be controlled by abusive males that would drive her to murder her husband just like Tess did. On the other hand Tess Fate is once again predetermined by Hardy in chapter 41 when she stumbles upon dying pheasents and puts them out of their misery by bringing their inevitable deaths to an end prematurely Poor darlings-to suppose myself the most miserable being on earth in the sight o such misery as yours! she exclaimed, her tears running down as she killed the birds tenderly. This Fatalistic event represents Tess destiny as she to will die due to her neck breaking as she will later be hung, Hardy uses this sense of foreboding once again signifying the belief that her character is her Fate, she is unable to change this, nothing she does will alter it. Similarly but with a contrasting outcome, in Colour Purple Fate re-emerges as killin Mr begins to dawn on Celies mind. How Im gon keep from killing him Naw I think I feel better if I kill him, I say I feels sickish. Numb, now. Mr has abused Celie to the extent that she contemplates killing him, at this stage of the book readers are likely to speculate whether Fate has chosen this path for Tess, is this her destiny? Will she have to emulate Tess action to end her misfortunes? Or will she be able to alter her Fate through her hope in God and rational actions? Although she doesnt go on to murder Mr , through God and her companion Celie she finds the courage to speak up against Mr and leave him, ultimately changing her Fate which is something Tess was unable to do You a low down dog is whats wrong. Its time to leave you and enter into the creation. And your dead body just the welcome mat I need. Here Walker shows her strength and courage obtained through her hope in God. The authors use of foreboding throughout the novel can be seen as a representative of fate, Hardy believed that what happened to us was a product of our personality, class, status and the way in which we view life therefore Tess pride and her concern for Angels reputation after he leaves her prevents her from seeking help at an early stage of her troubles can be seen as her own actions but in Hardys view our own actions were down to fate , she ends up confiding in Alec which leads to disaster. From this we can question whether Tess actions lead to her downfall or was it Fate? This is demonstrated at the beginning of the final paragraph, hardy writes Justice was done, the president of immortals had ended his sport with Tess. Hardy is telling us Fate has finished playing with its victim, Tess. He may have done this to further draw attention to his beliefs that we are subject to a immoral force beyond our control that we are forced to endure and that religion does not have bearing on any events in our life. This is a viewpoint that was developed by critic Irving Howe who too believed Tess fate had already been predetermined, Proposing this is why Hardy named the final phase of the novel fulfilment. Furthermore, another way Hardy depicts Tess as a victim of Fate is through the language he uses, particularly in the last phase of the novel as he named it fulfilment thus this is a play on words as we are left to question what has been fulfilled. It is possible to say Hardy believed Fate had been fulfilled it had played its role in bringing Tess to her tragic downfall. Walker presents Celie as a victim of Fate like Hardy does Tess, however Walker stresses the point that we are able to change our Fate and destiny, this is significant as the colour purple which is the colour of the purple flowers represent spirituality hope. She is almost trying to convey the message that, Fate can be overcome as long as hope is present, where as Hardy purposely doesnt give Tess any chance of overcoming her Fate, he deliberately does this to assert his negative view on religion, Walker gives her character hope through God, this is what enables Celie to overcome her so called Fate or Destiny whilst Hardys pessimistic belief of religion deters him from doing this. Through his novels Hardy repeatedly articulated that chance and coincidence that bring about disaster are ultimately Fate, thus he empowers his belief through Tess that characters are subject to forces beyond their control. This is similar to another of his novels, The Return of the Native. Throughout The Return of the Native bad things happen to good people, this is a depiction of his atheist perception that God does not exist and if there is a God it is lacking in morals, because good people, such as Tess are the victims of bad events and tragedy in life due to Fate. Like Hardy himself said Once a victim, always a victim of fate.

Discuss The Strategic Options And Provide Examples Marketing Essay

Discuss The Strategic Options And Provide Examples Marketing Essay Globalization is the system of interaction among the countries of the world in order to develop the global economy. Globalization refers to the integration of economics and societies all over the world. It involves technological, economic, political, and cultural exchanges made possible largely by advances in communication, transportation and infrastructure. http://hubpages.com/hub/Definition-of-Globalization Integration in globalization is either negative or positive depends breaking down of trade barriers. The removal of barriers can be beneficial for products that are important to the economy growth. An example of imported raw materials is very expensive but the cost will be down if the supply will increase and will make cheaper to produce the final products for export. 2STRATEGY Strategy is reflects decisions to offer particular products or services in the particular markets. The strategic options for the exploring opportunities in the new established market and existing product are good opportunity to use the availability resources. It is a tool in the direction of the firms objective in achieving business success in the long term. CORPORATE STRATEGY: This is the focus of an organization which products or service markets to compete and area to operate. This is because market definition is the domain of corporate level strategists, the responsibility for diversification, addition of new products or services to the existing product, also falls within the realm of corporate-level strategy. A Strategic Alliance is a relationship between two or more parties to pursue a set of agreed upon goals or to meet a critical business need while remaining independent organizations. Businesses use strategic alliances to: Achieve advantages of scale, scope and speed Increase market penetration Enhance competitiveness in domestic and/or global markets Enhance product development Develop new business opportunities through new products and services Expand market development Increase exports Diversify Create new businesses Reduce costs. 3How to enter Market The best mode of entry its broad choices are indirect exporting, direct exporting, licencing, joint ventures and direct investment. A joint venture is an agreement by two or more parties to form a single entity to undertake a certain project. Each of the businesses has an equity stake in the individual business and share revenues, expenses and profits. Joint ownership has certain drawbacks. The partners might disagree over investment, marketing, or other policies. One partner might want to reinvest earnings for growth, and the other partner might want to take out these earnings. Furthermore joint ownership can hamper a multinational company from carrying out specific manufacturing and marketing policies on a worldwide basis. Licensing is a simple way for a manufacturer to become involved in International business. The licensor enters an agreement with a licensee in the foreign market, offering the right to use a manufacturing process trademarks, intellectual property and trade secrets are licensed to an external firm. Its used mainly to manufacture and sell a certain product. Its a lower risk way of expanding the reach of product compared to building company manufacturing base and distribution reach. Coca-cola is an example of an international market by licensing bottlers around the world. Franchising is an excellent way of quickly rolling out a successful concept nationwide. Franchisees pays fixed fee and agree to ongoing payments so the process is financially risk-free for the company. However, downsides do exist, particularly with the loss of control over how franchisees run their franchise. It is thus an important form of vertical market integration. Potentially, the system provides an effective blending of skill centralization and operational decentralization. It permits the franchise to sell products or services under a highly publicized brand name and a well-proven set of procedures; it is a carefully developed and controlled marketing strategy. Examples of franchisers are hotels brands i.e. Hilton, Holiday in and Coco-cola. Advantages of forming strategic alliances Provide companies with the opportunity to gain new capacity and expertise Allow companies to enter related businesses or new geographic markets or gain new technological knowledge access to greater resources, including specialized staff and technology sharing of risks with a venture partner Disadvantages of strategic alliances It takes time and effort to build the right relationship and partnering with another business can be challenging. Problems are likely to arise if: There is an imbalance in levels of expertise, investment or assets brought into the venture by the different partners. Different cultures and management styles result in poor integration and co-operation. The partners dont provide enough leadership and support in the early stages. Success in a joint venture depends on thorough research and analysis of the objectives. Examples of strategic alliances companies   Sony-Ericsson is a joint venture by the Japanese consumer electronics company Sony Corporation and the Swedish telecommunications company Ericsson to make mobile phones. Virgin Mobile India Limited is a cellular telephone service provider company which is a joint venture between Tata Tele service and Richard Bransons Service Group. http://wiki.answers.com/Q/Examples_of_joint_ventures#ixzz1KAPliPOB Product Strategies Is the central focus of the marketing mix. It is fails to satisfy the needs of the consumers, no amount of promotion, price cutting, or distribution will persuade them to buy. The total product, which is what the customer buys, which also include the package, the brand name, accessories, after sales service, the warranty and instructions for use. Thus international product strategies and policies should include the following aspects. 4Strategies Matrix Ansoff Matrix has four strategies which an organization will be good to process for good foundation of the company future development. Ansoff matrix focused on the firms present and potential products and market, customers by considering ways to grow through existing products and new products and in existing market and new markets. It is one of the best tools for the companies to develop market and product expansion. Market Penetration, Product development, Market Development Diversification Diagram below indicate the Ansoff Matrix : faculty.msb.edu/homak/homahelpsite/webhelp 5MARKET PENETRATION Is a term that indicates how deeply a product or service has become entrenched with a given consumer market. The degree of penetration is often measured by the amount of sales that are generated within the market itself, increasing sales force, increase distribution and promotion of products, more expenditure in marketing and advertising activities will results in increasing sales. Market penetration can be considered in broader terms, and be used as a way of identifying a wider consumer base. Penetration expands the influence of the product to new consumers and thus increases the sales and general proportion of the consumer market that the manufacturer controls. http://www.wisegeek.com/what-is-market-penetration.htm Market penetration seeks to achieve four main objectives: The market share of current products should be maintained, this will be achieved by a combination of competitive pricing strategies, advertising, sales promotion and perhaps Dominance of growth markets should be secured Competitors should be driving to restructure a mature market, promotion campaign should be more aggressive for the same pricing strategy should be designed to make difficult to the competitors Implemented loyalty scheme for the existing customers. 6Examples of Market Penetration Dell Recognizing the software as a service can be a potent market penetration tool, also assembling a services portfolio that now includes e-mail disaster recovery, spam/virus filtering and archiving via its Message one acquisition. Airlines Easyjet Airline market was by offering flights for the small distance cities. Southwest Airline same as Easyjet were more profitable on operating small distances Pakistan State Oil penetrates in Pakistan market growth from 40% to 65% in the duration of 4 years by developing new retail outlets. Car Manufacturing Toyota Motor Corporation is the worlds largest automobile manufacturer by sales and production. Toyota and BMW good relationship in marketing in order to retain and have high profile for their value customers. Toyota Motor Corporation is the largest conglomerates in the world. Toyota has grown to a large multinational corporation from where it started and expanded to different worldwide markets and countries. Banking HSBC Bank customers were very happy on internet banking that they can access their online account 24hrs a day wherever they are in the world. Telecommunication Airtel promoting its services to penetrate in the Indian market. It is the worlds fastest growing industry, they have couple of joint ventures with Alcatel in Indian, it is operates in 19 countries across South Asia, Africa and the Channel Islands. Airtel is the fifth largest telecom operator in the world. http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Market_penetration 7Advantage and Disadvantage of Market Penetration Benefits One of the successful penetration is pricing strategy may lead to large sales volumes/market shares and therefore lower costs per unit. Penetration strategies are often used by businesses that need to use up spare resources. A penetration pricing strategy may also promote complimentary and captive products. The main product may be priced with a low mark-up to attract sales. Risk The most obvious potential disadvantage of market penetration is the likelihood of competing suppliers following suit by reducing their prices, May lead to a price war with a competitor with the same strategy The effects of economies of both scale and experience lead to lower production costs, which justify the use of penetration pricing strategies to gain market share Low pricing could be detrimental to the perceived brand value and to the company reputation. Another potential disadvantage is the impact of the reduced price on the image of the offering, particularly where buyers associate price with quality. http://tutor2u.net/business/marketing/pricing_strategy_penetration.asp 8MARKET DEVELOPMENT Market development is a marketing technique aimed at increasing a companys market in order to widen the customer base for the purpose of selling more products. This is an important aspect of helping a company grow. Small companies with limited marketing experience may turn to consultants for this, while experienced large companies have internal marketing departments that may be responsible for market development. It is an ongoing part of doing business for successful companies. Also will help to grow your market by understanding how your product is perceived in the marketplace and what areas of improvement are there. Using the Starbucks example This occurs when the market analyzing makes some sort of change, market development has occurred over the past couple of years as consumers are becoming more health conscience. Preferences are moving toward different types of teas/drinks and consumers are demanding more healthy alternatives. These factors have aided to market development, with different franchises popping up, such as Argo tea, which become direct competitors to Starbucks Benefits Another way would be to focus on the  Ã‚   technology base used to supply existing products and to identify other products needs, which customers might need to be produced using current facilities and know how. Here the organization tries to develop  Ã‚   new products or services and thereby makes similar existing products obsolete unlike product development strategy which extends an existing products life cycle. There could be radical innovations where the company tries to replace existing products or technologies in an industry. In the case of incremental innovations, the firm tries to put focus on new products or services that modify the existing  ones. Apart from such radical innovations firms, also carry out incremental innovations to differentiate their products. One example, is Toyotas multi-utility vehicle Qualis.   Although other Indian  Ã‚   companies had similar products, Toyota, more effectively combined the styling an engineering that resulted   in increased demand   for its product (a great hit compared) to Sumo, Disadvantages/Risks As per Ansoff framework of a Market Development strategy New Markets may be different then expected ( especially in new geographic market with cultural differences Costly modifications may be required Examples of Market Development Compact disc technology has virtually replaced long playing vinyl records in the recording industry, and high definition television is likely to replace regular television technology. McDonalds has couple of new markets in the wake of globalization with its existing products. This is because of the nature of the business and products, McDonald; implemented its burgers which helps the growth of the market. Nestle expanded the market for its product Milkmaid by advertising the new uses of the product aggressively in India. Chinese products developed new market for their product worldwide Toyotas multi-utility vehicle Qualis although there are same product in India,  Toyota, more effectively combined the styling an engineering that resulted  in increased demand   for its product than Indian. Close Up toothpaste was first gel toothpaste which was transparent with a red distinctive colour, all others pastes were white. The market was dominated by Colgate which promised that it  would fight tooth decay and bad breath.  Ã‚   Close up promised the dual benefit of being a toothpaste and mouthwash in one and thus delivered fresh breath and white teeth. 9PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT This is a new product to be marketed to our existing customers. Here we develop and innovate new product offerings to replace existing ones. Such products are then marketed to our existing customers. This often happens with the auto markets where existing models are updated or replaced and then marketed to existing customers. http://www.marketingteacher.com/lesson-store/lesson-ansoff.html Developing of new products and offering to the existing market is product development strategy which need capital and time to implement. The company has to do a market survey in detailed if it is feasible to introduce new product in the current market. Challenges Several things need to be checked in developing new products in the company this is including, Technology and Cost, by using latest technology the product performance or the quality of products will be on highest level of functionality although Cost will be challenge to the company in either buying the new equipments or conducting trainings. Benefits Company products will be extended by producing different variants, packaging in new ways. Service industries shorten time to market and improve customer service and quality. Risks Customers might be confused among the existed and developed products, if the analysis will not performed carefully, example is the new Coke, Customers liked the taste of the new Coke in the taste tests conducted by Coca Cola, customers of the brand favoured classic Coke over the new product. Another Examples of Market Development Google developed a new browser chrome for the existing internet user McDonalds is always within the fast food industry, but frequently markets new burgers 10DIVERSIFICATION STRATEGY Diversification is a form of corporate strategy for a company. It seeks to increase profitability through greater sales volume obtained from new products and new markets. Diversification can occur either at the business unit level or at the corporate level. Diversification is very important into related and unrelated areas. http://www.coursework4you.co.uk/essays-and-dissertations/ansoff-analysis.php Diversification related in the form of backward, forward, and horizontal integration. Concentric diversification This means that there is a technological similarity between the industries, which means that the firm is able to leverage its technical know-how to gain some advantage. For example, a company that manufactures industrial adhesives might decide to diversify into adhesives to be sold via retailers. The technology would be the same but the marketing effort would need to change. The company will focus to add more market share to launch a new product that helps the company earn more profit. An example technological related in concentric diversification is Tomato ketchup and sauce to the existing brand processed items of food specialties. Vertical diversification This is when the company is closer to the raw materials sources in production, in another words is backward vertical integration strategy. An example of Avons line on cosmetics business. Avon pursued a backward form of vertical integration by entering the production of cosmetics. Forward diversification occurs when Avon move closer to the consumer in term of production stages. Horizontal diversification, occurs when a company develops interests complementary to its current activities. For a company may integrate its activities to include all aspect of the value chain; design, manufacture, market and distribute. The company adds new products or services that are often technologically or commercially unrelated to current products but that may appeal to current customers. In a competitive environment, this form of diversification is desirable if the present customers are loyal to the current products and if the new products have a good quality and are well promoted and priced. For example, Avons move to market jewelry through its regular sales force involved marketing new products through existing channels of distribution. Conglomerate diversification (or lateral diversification) The company markets new products or services that have no technological or commercial synergies with current products but that may appeal to new groups of customers. The conglomerate diversification has very little relationship with the firms current business. Therefore, the main reasons of adopting such a strategy are first to improve the profitability and the flexibility of the company, and second to get a better reception in capital markets as the company gets bigger. Even if this strategy is very risky, it could also, if successful, provide increased growth and profitability. For example a company whose core business is media services may diversify into provision of financial services. Advantages of diversification strategy Control markets by guaranteeing sales and distribution. This can arise through a combination of linkages in the value chain. For example where production and distribution channels are combined, or where a company uses its well-established brand names or corporate identity to gain benefits in new markets Take advantage of existing expertise, knowledge and resources in the company when expanding into new activities. This may result in transfer of skills, such as research and development knowledge and sharing of resources. Provide better risk control through no longer being reliant on a single market Spread risk by avoiding having all eggs in one basket Disadvantages of diversification strategy Adding bureaucratic complexity. In addition to direct financial costs, there may additional bureaucratic complexities necessitated by the need to coordinate and control core activities with additional activities. Diversification through acquisition across national boundaries may result in the organisation having to deal with varying intricacies of the political and legal requirements of the different countries in which the organisation has controlling interests. Diversification also acquisition May result in failure where there is a mismatch between core competencies Adding management costs. Adding bureaucratic complexity. In addition to direct financial costs, there may additional bureaucratic complexities necessitated by the need to coordinate and control core activities with additional activities. Examples Virgin Media moved from music producing to travels and mobile phones Walt Disney moved from producing animated movies to theme park and vacation properties Canon diversified from a camera making company into producing whole new range of office equipment CONCLUSION It is true for the world investment and business to move from national and domestic markets to a worldwide environment. Globalisation eliminates all boundaries, causing firms to engage in business worldwide. Consequently firms have to deal with couple of challenges if the management strategies will not help them to make the correct choices and decisions. Strategic options related to products and services which a firm may offer in which markets are critical to the success of companies. The differences in strategic choices of the firm can often be attributed to the type of market in which the company operates. Changes in business environment play a crucial role in the strategic options that an organisation may pursue over its future development. There are risks associated with all of the four strategic options entailed in the Ansoff matrix. Market penetration is generally considered as a low risk strategy while diversification, on the other hand, is deemed as a high risk growth strateg y as it involves moving simultaneously into new products and new markets. Diversification remains a popular strategic option for firms in todays competitive business arena, and if the diversification strategy is consistent and well throughout, like the case of IBM, significant improvements in profitability can be experienced.