Planking is not an appropriate occupation for adult people

Strategic Corporate Finance- Presentation to Google

Strategic Corporate Finance- Presentation to Google Free Online Research Papers I will be submitting a detailed assessment of the three models Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM), Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT), and The dividend Growth Model. By analyzing all three models and making a clear stance and determination which of the three would be the best conclusion for the Google Inc. I examined each of the applications as well as their respective ease of use. The Capital Asset Pricing Model is a single factor model that establishes a relationship between risks and required, expected returns of an investment in an asset. This concept is based on the general idea that investors demand higher returns for bearing riskier investments (Downes Goodman, 2003). The Arbitrage Pricing Theory is an alternative to the Capital Asset Pricing Model. The APT is a multi-factor model that is based on the measurement of the volatility of multiple risk factors common to the market (Downes Goodman, 2003). The Dividend Growth Model is an approach that assumes dividends grow at a constant rate in perpetuity. The value of the stock equals next years dividends divided by the difference between the required rate of return and the assumed constant growth rate in dividends. The basic assumption in the Dividend Growth Model is that the dividend is expected to grow at a constant rate and that this growth rate will not change for the duration of the evaluated period (http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com). All three concepts have the same general purpose as for measuring the risk and required return for an asset, but achieve this goal through different means. CAPM is a single factor model in which risk measurement is concerned primarily with an asset’s volatility in relation to the general market, while APT is a multi-factor model where risk measurement is based on an asset’s volatility in relation to a various number of common market factors. CAPM is a more simplified, general approach to how an asset has historically moved in relation to the general market, while APT is a more difficult, complex concept laden with estimation errors, uncertainty, and possibly distracting factors. In this report I will discuss the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the Arbitrage Pricing Theory as well as the Dividend Growth Model and I will explain why I believe CAPM is a better approach than either of the other two for your company to use when measuring risk and required returns. Here is the three models in detail; Dividend Growth Model In this approach it is assumed that dividends grow at a constant rate in perpetuity. The Dividend Growth Model is better suited for those stable companies that fit the model. Those that are growing quickly or that don’t pay dividends do not fit the assumption parameters, and thus this model cannot be used. In this model, a company may not exceed the market growth rate. In addition, since the dividend growth rate is expected to remain constant indefinitely, the other measures of performance within the company are also expected to maintain the same growth rate. If in the current state, the dividend rate is greater that earnings, in time this model will show a dividend payout greater than the earnings of the company. Conversely, if earnings are growing faster than dividends, the payout rate will converge towards zero. Capital Asset Pricing Model The Capital Asset Pricing Model (CAPM) is a better approach for financial professionals to use than the Arbitrage Pricing Theory (APT) when measuring the risk and required return for assets. The Capital Asset Pricing Model is a single factor model that establishes a relationship between risk and required/expected returns of an investment in an asset. This concept is rooted in the general idea that investors demand higher returns for bearing riskier investments (Downes Goodman, 2003). The CAPM is a single factor model in the sense that a single variable, the beta, is the foundation for all the differences in returns for all securities (Smart, Megginson, Gitman, 2007). The beta is the measure of how stocks move and its relationship to the market as a whole. It is essentially a measure of systematic risk that affects the market as a whole and cannot be neutralized by diversification. Assuming that the market as a whole moves at a beta measurement of 1, then a beta of higher than one would indicate that an asset moves more drastically than the market in general, while a beta of lower than one implicates that an asset moves less drastically than the market as a whole. The beta is the single factor in the CAPM equation that denotes differences throughout all securities. The CAPM equation used to measure the risk and required return of an asset centers around three inputs. These inputs are the risk free rate, the expected market return rate, and an asset’s beta. By using these three pieces of information we can assume that the required rate of return to accept the risk on an asset equals the sum of the risk free rate and an asset’s beta multiplied by the risk premium, which is the difference between the expected market return rate and risk free rate. As long as we have this information we can calculate the required rate of return for accepting the certain level of risk associated with an individual asset (Hamm, 2006). An asset’s beta is the only true variable in this equation as the risk free rate and expected market return rate will stay constant among the different assets with varying betas. Utilizing an asset’s beta, the risk free rate, and the expected market return rate, the CAPM equation can be a very useful tool in evaluating an assets risk and reward element in relation to the rest of the market as a whole. The CAPM equation and its ability to give a reasonable calculation about the required rate of return for accepting particular levels of risk in the market are enabled under a number of assumptions. A few of these assumptions are that all investors are generally risk averse and do require a higher level of returns for riskier investments, that diversifiable or unsystematic risk can be neutralized through diversification and that as a result investors are only concerned with the systematic risk of an investment, that the market offers no reward for unsystematic risk, and that all investors possess homogeneous expectations (Smart, Megginson, Gitman, 2007). Many of the assumptions associated with CAPM are not entirely realistic and exist in the most part to simplify this model for decision making (The CAPM and APT). The general purpose of the CAPM is to give investors a reasonable estimate of a required rate of return that would be needed on an asset in order to accept its level of risk. Assuming that unsystematic risk has been or can be diversified in a portfolio, CAPM is primarily concerned with the affect of systematic risk or general market risk on an asset. Using its historical volatility in correlation to market movement as an indicator as well as the risk free rate and expected market return rate, this model gives investors a general idea as to the risk and reward associated with a particular asset. Even though it is simple in nature, this model can be a very powerful and useful tool in investment decision making. An alternative to the Capital Asset Pricing Model is the Arbitrage Pricing Theory. Arbitrage Pricing Theory Unlike CAPM, APT is founded in the idea that the risk and return of an asset are affected by a group of different market factors (Smart, Megginson Gitman, 2007). As opposed to the CAPM, where the systematic risk of the market as a whole is applied to assets, the APT segregates the total systematic risk into smaller components of market risk. APT does not specify, identify, or give any guidance as to what these factors are or how many exist (The Economist, 1991). These different risk factors signify different types of systematic risk that cannot be neutralized by diversification. All assets are affected by each individual market factor and its own individual factor beta (Smart, Megginson Gitman, 2007). The APT attempts to break many of the basic assumptions of the CAPM. This theory establishes the idea that different assets will have a varying level of sensitivity to these smaller, common market risk factors. The theory also asserts that investors have varying levels of risk tolerance and need to structure portfolio selection and portfolio risk management to their own specific goals (Otuteye, 1998). This is a more advanced concept than the CAPM, but still presents an issue in regards to the unknown set of smaller risk factors that constitute the systematic risk. The complexity of this theory in addition to a random amount of unknown factors is where we begin to see problems with this concept. No one knows the exact factors that constitute the systematic risk of the market that have a significant movement affect on assets, affecting their risk and return (Otuteye, 1998). The volatility of assets in relation to the different risk factors may have either a relevant and useful affect or misleading influence. APT allows for multiple sources of risk within the systematic risk realm that affect an asset’s market sensitivities. Neither professionals nor academics can come to an agreement on the number or identity of these different risk factors. The more risk factors that an investor includes in risk and return evaluation of an asset, the more misleading noise they may have to endure (The CAPM and APT). The inability to accurately identify correct sets risk factors or even predict their behavior can significantly impact estimates and exp ectations as well as severely hinder investment evaluation and decision making. APT could be a very useful tool in theory. It is a much more advanced concept than CAPM. However, the current APT contains many errors in association with the many different risk factors, especially as a result of the unknown number and identity of the various, common risk factors. The APT is certainly more complex and difficult to use than the CAPM. APT’s main issue is that of theory versus practicality (The CAPM and APT). In theory, this could be a great tool in determining the varying degree of sensitivity and risk associated with different assets in the market as a result of the varying factors of systematic risk. In practice, our inability to accurately identify the number or type of risk factors affect the sensitivity of assets make this a difficult, complex, and inconclusive model to follow. Regarding the ease of use of the three models, I will submit the following analysis. There are a number of reasons why CAPM is the better approach than APT and the Dividend Growth Model for our company to use when evaluating the risk and return of an investment. CAPM is a very simple yet powerful and useful tool in evaluating the risk and return acceptable in decisions about investments. It uses historical volatility in correlation to the market movement in order to provide a reasonable indication of required or expected returns for varying levels of risk associated with different assets. Also, many of these reasons are a result of the difficulties associated with APT. Some of the difficulties and problems that arise with APT are estimation error, uncertainty of varying risk factors among assets, risk factors change over time, timing differences among factors, and its complexity. Estimation and expectation errors occur with APT as a result of the issue pertaining to the unknown number or identity of risk factors (The CAPM and APT). It is difficult for any multi-factor model to not have a clear set of influential parameters for analysis and evaluation. â€Å"This can make the model difficult to understand and increase the role of misleading â€Å"noise† that can significantly distort any results† (eMasterTrade, APT). The uncertainty of varying risk factors among assets can also create a problem when using the APT. The behavior of every individual asset is different. As a result of this, every individual asset will have its own composite of risk factors that will affect its volatility. This situation makes it difficult to match or use â€Å"sets† of factors among assets. The composition and makeup of these sets of risk factors will also change over time. This means that APT’s model will only be relevant for an undisclosed period of time and must be continually rebuilt as necessary. Many of the risk factors that affect an asset may change. This relates to another problem with this the model of APT and varying risk factors. Risk factors are not predictable and do not exist on a schedule. Different risk factors will affect the sensitivity of an asset at different times that are not determinable. â€Å"This can create another issue with the estimation or expectation of risk a nd return on an asset† (eMasterTrade, APT). Overall, APT is far too complex, involving too many parameters and risk factors that cannot be properly identified or predicted. This is a concept that is great in theory, but cannot practically be applied in a predictable, reasonable, or accurate manner. CAPM on the other hand utilizes a simple model based on indicating historical volatility in relation to the movement of the entire economy and market. The CAPM is easier model to use and understand. As a result of the differences inherent in these two models, the CAPM model can give us more reasonable estimates of the required rate of return acceptable in relation to the level of risk associated with an asset. Regarding the Dividend Growth Model it is quite an appealing approach to certain companies, but The Dividend Growth Model approach to estimating the cost of equity has some appeal to management as it directly links the strategic plans, goals, and objectives to the cost of capital, and it is simple to calculate. However, if a company does not pay a dividend or it has an erratic or uncertain growth rate, the dividend growth model cannot be used (Finance and Accounting for the Nonfinancial Managers, J.Fred Watson, pg 285). This makes this model a little less desirable and I would opt for the certainty of the CAPM over it for our company. In summary, I would recommend the Capital Asset Pricing Model due to it is a much simpler and straightforward approach to calculating the risk and required return associated with an asset than the Arbitrage Pricing Theory and the Dividend Growth Model. The Arbitrage Pricing Theory is much more complex, while containing unknown variables which it behavior and affect cannot truly be measured, while the Dividend Growth Model works well for those companies growing at a rate equal to or lower than that of the economy and have an established and stable dividend payout. Although it is conceptually more advanced than the Capital Asset Pricing Model, the Arbitrage Pricing Theory is inherent with potential disadvantages. These potential disadvantages, in addition to the more reasonably accurate evaluative and analytical ability of its alternative, the Capital Asset Pricing Model, make CAPM the best approach for Google to use when calculating the risk required and expected return of possible i nvestments. References: 1. APT Arbitration Pricing Theory. E-Mastertrade.Com. 12 Feb. 2007 . 2. Downs, John, and Jordan E. Goodman, eds. Arbitrage Pricing Theory. Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms. 6th ed. New York: Barrons Educational Series, Inc., 2003. 3. Downs, John, and Jordan E. Goodman, eds. Capital Asset Pricing Model. Dictionary of Finance and Investment Terms. 6th ed. New York: Barrons Educational Series, Inc., 2003. 4. Hamm, D.B.(2006) â€Å"Managerial Finance: Chapter 13-Return, Risk, the Security Market Line. 5. Otuteye, E. (1998). The arbitrage pricing dichotomy. Canadian Investment Review. Winter 1998. Retrieved online from the ProQuest database, Touro Cyberlibrary 6. http://financial-dictionary.thefreedictionary.com/Dividend+growth+model 7. Risk and Return. The Economist 318 (1991): 72. ProQuest. TUI. 12 Feb. 2007. 8. Smart, Scott B., William L. Megginson, and Lawrence J. Gitman. Corporate Finance. 2nd ed. Mason: Thomson South-Western, 2007. 226-235. 9. The CAPM and APT; Does One Outperform the Other? Geocities.Com. 13 Feb. 2007 . Research Papers on Strategic Corporate Finance- Presentation to GoogleIncorporating Risk and Uncertainty Factor in CapitalResearch Process Part OneOpen Architechture a white paperBringing Democracy to AfricaAnalysis of Ebay Expanding into AsiaPETSTEL analysis of IndiaBionic Assembly System: A New Concept of SelfThe Project Managment Office SystemDefinition of Export QuotasMarketing of Lifeboy Soap A Unilever Product

Mechanism of Locating the Client's DaTa in the Clouds Research Paper

Mechanism of Locating the Client's DaTa in the Clouds - Research Paper Example Owing to the current rapid prevalence of Cloud computing many clients are increasingly using the clouds to store sensitive information and this necessitates encrypting the data so as to protect the stored data against unsolicited access (Lasica, 76). A major challenge of data encryption in the clouds is that it makes it difficult for the Clients to locate their data. This is particularly with regard to the fact that the encryption of data in cloud computing significantly limits the ability of clients to use the traditional keyword searches in locating their data. Additionally data in the clouds usually require protection of their key word privacy to enhance the security of the stored data. This paper explores the potential use of string matching algorithms as a mechanism to enable clients using cloud computing effectively locates their stored data within the cloud. String matching (Fuzzy keyword) algorithms Generally cloud data systems usually consist of the client, data service prov ider and the cloud server. Advances in computing technology have enabled the use of networks and data identifier algorithms to build a mechanism that allows the clients to locate their data in the clouds based on string matching of the any data. ... data identifiers algorithms are usually designed to enable clients determine the location of their data in the cloud using the infrastructural network. These algorithms are also used to track and monitor the movement of data within the servers. Many methods can be used to determine the string familiarity of the cloud data. For example the edit distance measures string match of the given keywords. This not only allow the clients depending on cloud storage services to locate their data but it also help them to effectively correct potential errors and problems in their stored data. Additionally the similarity of the located data and the intended search may also reveal potential problems such as duplicate data and lack of uniformity in the content and format (Armbrust, 56). String matching algorithm as a data identifier mechanism also enhances the search correctness of the data being searched by the client. For example if the client needs to locate some data using an input that matches t he data in the clouds, then the server will accurately locate the file using the keywords search request. The clients are therefore able to determine the location of their data within the virtual cloud network. On the other hand, any errors in spelling or inconsistencies in the format of the search keyword for the data being searched often bring the possible closest result based on the similarities of the keywords. How string matching data identifier algorithms work String matching algorithms function by allowing clients to locate data within the clouds using exact matching words. According to Abadi (33), the closeness of the match of the data being located is usually measured using the possible number of operations needed to convert the string into the exact match. The number is usually

Software Engendering Assignment Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 750 words

Software Engendering - Assignment Example Additionally, it can be stated that the fact that this kind of a development method helps the customers to select the next set of releases by pinpointing on the most valuable features (often called stories) while analyzing them on the basis of cost factors plays a major role in reducing the time period required for development (Beck 71). The fourth characteristic of this kind of a development method is the fact that the larger project can be divided in to multiple smaller assignments and can be handled individually by the various team members in a very short time span. Another very important characteristic is the fact that this kind of a development method has an iteration step, the main goal of which is to produce the new stories that have been already tested. Types of software that can be developed by using the agile development and extreme programming method While trying to identify the software that can be developed by implementing an agile development, the focus needs to be give n on the nature of operations that are associated with this development method. It has to be mentioned that this kind of a development requires continuous engagement as well as participation of the client (Fowler, â€Å"Is Design Dead†). ... The continuous interaction of the client with the developers as well as the need to develop the projects in a very short time span will greatly help in implementing and following this kind of a development method. Apart from outsourced projects, this kind of extreme programming as well as agile development method can be followed in-house project developments for SME organizations where the requirements are not properly defined (Beck, 1999, p. 77). Comparing agile development method with Waterfall model It needs to be highlighted that the waterfall model comprises four different and very important steps like analysis, design, implementation as well as test. The waterfall model requires a proper planning of the entire processes. Each of the four important stages of the waterfall model is very time consuming in nature. It also needs to be stated that since the entire process is very stringent in nature, the ability to make any incremental changes in the development process of the softwa re is very low. The long development cycles of the waterfall model makes it very y harmful for the entire developing team as it unnecessarily blocks the required amount of resources. In comparing the waterfall model with that of the agile development method, it can be stated that the agile development method is highly flexible in nature. Also, the entire development time can be reduced in a great manner under the agile development model. Comparing agile development method with Iterative model In elaborating about the iterative model, it can be stated that the model follows similar stages as compared to that of the waterfall model. However, the time consumption in the process of project development is relatively shorter as

Hinduism, History of Christian Thought, and Greek Philosophy Research Paper

Hinduism, History of Christian Thought, and Greek Philosophy - Research Paper Example A study of the religious scriptures in Hindu mythology reveals various forms of Krishna and its simultaneous worships. The figures of Krishna as the supreme manifestation of power have been portrayed in every form. Three levels of Krishna mythology have been evident from the study of religious doctrines. The oldest and the most popular form of Krishna are evident in the oldest core of the Mahabharata. In Mahabharata Krishna is depicted as the son of the Vasudeva and Devaki. In Mahabharata Krishna has been portrayed to belong from the Yadava society and plays an instrumental part in the war of Kurukshetra where he served as the charioteer of Arjuna. In the expanded version of Mahabharata we find Krishna as the incarnation of Vishnu and the wisdoms of the Bhagwad Gita, The holy book of the Hindu’s are proclaimed through him. The form of incarnation of Visnu was found after 300 B.C.E which is popularly known as the early Hindu period. After 200 C.E. Krishna is depicted as the cowherd of Vrindavana and symbolizes as the passionate lover of Gopis and Radha in particular. This depiction of character of Krishna is found in Harivamsa and Vishnu purana. Other than a passionate lover Krishna he is portrayed as a slayer of demons. However in the Pre Aryan period there is no evidence of w orship of Krishna. The first two images of Krishna as the chief of Yadava and the reincarnation of lord Vishnu settled from the area of Dwarka to Mathura. However the form of Krishna as the cowherd of Vrindavana is not there in the Bhagwat Gita. The divine power of Krishna is evident in the Vishnu purana from his childhood where he demolishes various demons encountered by him. In Viishnu Purana however Krishna is not portrayed to take part in the war nor is a teacher of Gita. (Hopkins, p 99-104) The different form of Krishna often raises confusion. But the portrayal of Krishna in different forms in different era of Hindu mythology stresses on the fact that the presence of Krishna is there as a form of good source of energy and its presence cannot be ignored. The idea of re-incarnation of Vishnu as Krishna also is based on the same propositions as Vishnu is claimed to have ten other avatars. The Hindus have handled the different adaptations oh Krishna but worships them as a single fo rce of power. The importance of historical study is important in understanding the theology of Hindu. The different forms of Krishna and its significance can be clearly understood by studying the different religious chronicle in different times of history. The division of Hindu mythology is also very vast and should be studied minutely to have a clear understanding of the proceedings. The depiction of varied character of Krishna in Vishnu purana and Gita shows considerable link between them and helps to conclude that both of the characters are of the same person. Worksheet -15 1. The teachings of Athanasius were held as harsh by the church of Alexandaeria. His teachings tried to pry matters outside his domain which made him look unpopular. However his teachings were in favor of the council of Nicaea. He also used homousious and he believed that the divinity of the worlds would not have been possible by the divine participation of god. His meltian opponents were Eusebius and Arsenius . He exiled to Trier to prevail peace between the church and the east and the rise of the hostility with the opponents. He refused to attend many types of council as charges would be stacked against him. (Frend, 524) 2. The council of Sardica took place under a series of events. Constantine was governing the empire and he himself murdered his wife Fusta. The eastern frontier on the other hand was managed by his nephew. Constantine used his administrative skills to manage the empire. The importance of the council lies in the fact that the three brothers who were ruling had different views. Constantine II and Constants promoted the views of Nicaea whereas Constantius was guided by the view of Eusebi. In order to prevent the difference of view and reach a

Good Country People Stereotypes And Narcissism English Literature Essay

Good Country People Stereotypes And Narcissism English Literature Essay People must be comfortable with every aspect of themselves, because certain people, who in this story are represented by Manley Pointers character, can easily exploit their weaknesses. Hes good country people and the salt of the earth as Mrs. Hopewell refers to Manley Pointer who really is a demon that they must face. A demon to remind them of their weaknesses. Beginning with Mrs. Hopewell, the title of the story comes from what she likes to call the poorer and less fortunate people that live off the land and work their whole lives just to hang on to some scrap of a life. This is how she views these people. She believes that they are good country people not a bad seed among them, that they are all eager to help out and bow in humility to the upper class. The gullible nature of Mrs. Hopewell betrays her true vision of a situation. She is one of those people who are all goody-goody to people who they view as less fortunate. Shes a person that commends or speaks for the people she knows nothing about. Altogether this is her true weakness that is taken advantage of by Manley Pointer. One of Mrs. Hopewells favorite sayings, Nothing is perfect, is seen in the very beginning of the story. Her saying was just that; a saying. The quote acts as foreshadowing for what her attitude towards life will be. We later find out that she is right, but that she does not live by her credo. Manley Pointer exploits this weakness as soon as she opened her door. Showing up as a pathetic bible salesman with an ailing heart (which is coincidentally exactly what Joy-Hulga had) laying the old guilt trip on Mrs. Hopewell on how no one wants to deal with a simple country boy like himself, he attacks her weakness right at the heart of it. Not more than two minutes after he knocked on the door, he ends up eating dinner with them and at the conclusion is even invited to return any time hed like. His persona blinds Mrs. Hopewell and prevents her from being somewhat suspicious of Manley. At the en d of the story, we see that Mrs. Hopewell is still clouded by her weakness and refers to Manly as simple as he passes through a field by Mrs. Hopewell and Mrs. Freeman. Unlike Mrs. Hopewell, Joy-Hulga faces and comes to a realization of her weakness. Joy-Hulga, who had grown cynical and cold as she grew up with only one leg and heart ailment, creates an image that she is smarter and better than the rest of the characters in the story. Her education and self-absorption seemed to instill this attitude in her to greater extent than if she hadnt studied and read so much. Her weakness is the feeling of power she believed she gained from her studies. She refers to herself as a person who sees through nothing. Little does she know that she is stating her greatest weakness by saying this. Her hidden desires cause her several problems later on. After years of education and self-absorption, Joy-Hulga felt that she had no weaknesses. Science wishes to know nothing of nothing and this is the cr edo followed by Joy-Hulga. Her line of thinking turned out to be a weakness in itself. Her weaknesses are so prominent and hurtful from her childhood that she doesnt want to be reminded of them. Manley Pointer puts Joy-Hulga into a position where she feels in control. She took all his shame away and turned it into something useful. She believes that she is manipulating Manley, but it is he who is doing the manipulating. She lets her guard down because she feels in such great control and becomes comfortable with Manley. She is being manipulated from the start, and no amount of education can stop the fact that she doesnt see it coming. As soon as she admits to loving Manley Pointer, he sees the opening to completely destroy the facade she worked so hard to create her whole life. Before Joy-Hulga even knows it, her glasses are off and Manley has removed her leg. Physically she is broken down, but the real damage is done mentally. She knows that all control of the situation is out of he r hands, and she once again feels the discomfort felt during her childhood days. Manley Pointer exploits joy-Hulgas weakness to the fullest extent, because she never sees it coming. Joy-Hulga believed she was superior because she learned to see through nothing, but she doesnt realize that Manley has known this much longer than she which is even more prominent coupled with his seemingly lack of conscience. Manley is the only character in the story that has no apparent weakness. Taking into consideration the religious theme within the story, he takes on a persona of a devil-like character. He seems to be an almost omniscient character, which would fall in line with a powerful type of being. Being the protagonist in the story he acts not on an individual level, but more of a level revolving around mankind. His use of religion as a tool to carry out his acts of degradation and deception support this persona. He even says to Joy-Hulga, I hope you dont think I believe in that crap. Other things that represent this devil-like character is the hollow bible in which he kept instruments of a sort of sin. A definite clue to this is also when he also states to Joy-Hulga that He uses a different name every place he goes. The fact that the devil is referred to by many different names in all different regions of the world and different time throughout history shows another similarity between Manley Pointer and the devil. Manipulation and degradation seem to be his only objectives in life. At the conclusion of the story when Manley is passing by Mrs. Freemen and Mrs. Hopewell, the onion shoots that they are picking are even referred to as evil smelling the moment he passes. Mrs. Freemen is more of a minor character in the story but she is referred to as having two emotions, forward and reverse. This is important because then a person is forced to go in reverse they must face something or learn something they dont want to know about themselves. This seems to be what happens during the course of the story for Joy-Hulga. Although all the characters in the story are stuck in reverse, the only character that is forced to realize her weakness, which destroys the facade that she created is Joy-Hulga. It seems that in this story as in life the most high and mighty suffers the greatest fall. Joy-Hulga was the one who perceived herself to be the high and mighty of the characters. This attitude is displayed with many of her comment to Mrs. Hopewell. Perhaps when Joy-Hulga remarks to Mrs. Hopewell, Woman, do you ever look inside? she shouldve taken her own advice.

The Road To Salvation Essay -- essays research papers

Dhanpat Rai Shrivastava was born on July 31, 1880 in the small village of Lamahi, located near the city of Banaras in India. Although born into the Hindu Kaystha caste, made up of professionals including writers, doctors and lawyers, his family was poor. His father was a low paid postal employee. His mother died when he was only eight years old. His father remarried, but Dhanpat Rai did not like his stepmother. He studied Urdu and Persian, languages used in literature and administration in 19th century North India at a nearby school. He recalles his childhood fondly in one of his stories, so it is fairly safe to assume that he was a happy and well cared for child. Dhanpat Rai was married at the early age of fifteen. This marriage did not last long, possibly because he was rushed into the marriage by his father. He later remarried a balavidhava, or childhood widow named Shivrani Devi. This marriage was a happy one, and they had several children together. She was said to be very supportive of him throughout their lives together. Dhanpat Rai graduated from school at the age of eighteen and began to teach around the countryside. He taught for a few years in various North Indian towns while earning a college degree. Dhanpat Rai began to write when he began teaching school. He took up the pen name Premchand when he began writing. His writing was more than just a past time for him; it was an attempt to change the social structure of India. Premchand died at the age of 56 on Oc...