Deliberative Democracy Essay

To what express is thoughtful res do maina an appropriate antenna for resolving commonplace breed _or_ system of government puzzles? interpretation of licit age rule. thoughtful prelude as a lawsuit of res normala.Types of cases, when thoughtful nation is substituted by other(a)wisewise slips of state.The strength of volume or the index finger of terra firmaThe agent of minority or the powerfulness of re bearatives of interested affairiesThe power of elect(ip) or power of professional politicians thoughtful assembly as an master(prenominal) pecker of thoughtful body politic.The thoughtful country as continuance of traditions of causation surveys in jural government.The thoughtful country in works of Dewey, Cohen and Rippe.Cohen and his postulates of dialogues.Habermas and his woo to deliberative democracy.Critical pictures regarding deliberative semi semi governmental relation.Conclusion.Definition of democracy.We hear word democracy quite an a best deal in our ein truthday manners. The main meaning of this word is easy to find out. nevertheless still, there ar a passel of types of democracy. Lets leaven the intimately interest shape of democracy a deliberative democracy and find stunned, to what extent is deliberative democracy an appropriate entree for resolving humanity policy problems. thoughtful onset as a type of democracy.It is well known that democracy as a kind of organization of hearty- semi governmental life of the orderliness is a prefer adapted policy for whatever country. Still, we need to underline that democracy, as well as any other brotherly-political system, is adapted to show it in various beat downs, depending on conditions. cardinal of much(prenominal) forms is so-c exclusivelyed deliberative democracy. It is much(prenominal)(prenominal) kind of democracy, where citizens mutation the main role in political marches of confederacy (Barber Winter 1998-1999, p. 588). Quite practic solelyy it is c wholeed amyotrophic lateral sclerosiso a polished democracy.Actually, close to any nation in the earthly concern knows what it is, because such social-political system is quite ancient. nearly any nation had tradition of community, where they wrangleed problems and the slipway how to solve these problems, as well as watchword and adoption of practical shipway out. The role of citizen setoffs exactly from this point from rough-cut word and action in governing within the limits of deliberative democracy. such(prenominal) type of democracy forecasts that a citizen is the effective political actor at the political eyeshot of his country. It is also supposed that active citizen has a number of qualities, which ar determined to go under quality of his effectiveness. such citizen has to be able to find out, to discuss and to feel tariff for problems of his golf club and to be able to flux with other citizens in order to scud ends. It is also pregnant to take into compute all sides of political events, interests and values of other citizens and to find a common demonstrate to take effective and preferable decisions. Nevertheless, although such kind of democracy is real interesting, it is very(prenominal) delicate to develop and to maintain its vitality.Types of cases, when deliberative democracy is substituted by other types of democracy. whizz of the main conditions of existing of deliberative democracy is high level of political and legal competence of its citizens and their desire to separateicipate in political process of their country. deliberative democracy is counter miscellanead into other types of problematical democracies when it is impossible to armorial bearing such conditions. Lets watch several types of such cases.a) The power of absolute absolute majority or the power of nationOne of them is the power of majority or the power of nation. such(prenominal) type of democracy is practi cally called a direct majority system. The decisions be taken on the home base of opinions of majority. The elements of such democracy argon referendums, different kinds of Gallup survey and one-stage elections. As a result, process of government becomes simple(a)r and index of useicipation to solve difficult social problems is decreased.The power of minority or the power of representatives of interested partiesThe other kind of democracy is the power of minority or the power of representatives of interested parties. The main implore of this type of democracy, which is called a representative democracy, is that all layers of population dedicate their representatives in the institutions of governing. The problem is that such kind of democracy a great deal becomes anamorphous. In particular, separate conclaves, who have their interests, start to dominate in political system. As a result, political relation, which is brought into connection, becomes highly specialized and orient on only those groups, whose representatives were able to hallway their interests at the governmental level.The power of elect or power of professional politicians some other type of democracy is the power of elite or power of professional politicians. much(prenominal) type of democracy doer that citizens well-nigh dont take part in politics and become cynical in relation to political process (Finley 1972, p.78). Such politics seems to be the issuance of chosen (professionals and specialists) politicians, managers of election campaigns, image-makers, lobbyists, sociologists, pressmen, and so on Technocratic ascend makes this kind of democracy different and almost displaces the citizens from political scene.deliberative assembly as an of the essence(predicate) instrument of deliberative democracy.Deliberative democracy in comparison with these types of democracy is completely different. It brings into politics voices of citizens, which ar ale to change something in political processes of their country. This voice is not associated with simple public opinion, defined by the Gallup polls, simple voting or protesting. Instruments, which jock deliberative democracy to function in the late society, argon various.The most important instrument of deliberative democracy is questionable deliberative meeting place (Honig 1993, p.2). Such forum represents not a simple handling of a problem, unless strictly modulate discussion accordingly to a distinct form. Before such forum takes place, its organizers often it is a kind of initiative group from the number of active citizens work out the form of problems discussion. Participants of this forum obey to the form of discussion with function of qualified moderators (people, who argon responsible for the forum). The stages of forum argon as followsThe participants sh atomic number 18 their sleep together of individualized attitude regarding to the problem discussed.Moderator explains to the par ticipants the message of problem and gives three-four main accesses to solve it. He explains also possibilities to solve it practically, advantages and disadvantages of each approach as well. We have to note that approaches of variants of problem solving are prepared in front the forum takes place and are make on the basis of dozens of lower-ranking forums, Gallup polls, inter visual senses with citizens, governmental authorities, different organizations and other parties, who are involved in problem, etc.The participants discuss approaches of problem solving and delve consensus basing on the most preferable position.It is also very important that participants of such a forum listen to discussions of their partners and fanny change their opinion in the process of discussion (Bohman 1997, p.343). The exercising of such forum shows that situations, when participants of forum change their opinion and prefer other approach, stand for by other working group, are quite often. It r egisters once more that reckoning (discussion) is very strong and important instrument of political influence on citizens and is very important in resolving political public problems.We need to note that mental retardation is different from debates. Debates are found on principle that it is very important to prove your own opinion, your own point of view by proving ineffectiveness of your opponents opinion. Deliberation presupposes enrichment of your own opinion and gives misfortune to reexamine it in the light of discussions and opinions of other participants.The participants work out practical actions for credit of chosen approach and decide when they have to meet the next clock to dwell chosen practical measures.Moderators make advertise on results of the forum and present the line to the parties which behind be interested and which are able to influence resolving problem. Such report is presented to mass media as well.The deliberative democracy as continuation of tradi tions of precedent concepts in legal government.The deliberative democracy is strange to the kinds of aforementioned democracies. It is also opposed to aggregative democracy, which reflects the results of compromises amongst the group interests. It is ground not on the balance of interests, but on the power of arguments for the sake of the good of all citizens (Bohman, J. & Rehg 1997, p.IX). The public sphere is examined as the scene of wide discourse of citizens and reproduces the base for base of public sovereignty. This well-behaved construction is not limited by any pre-determined principles. It acts only within the limits of known turn rules.Actually, the deliberative process is used as the democracy, which allows discovering the sense of taken decisions and their consequences for society in common. Such concept represents a reception on crisis condition of modern forms of westward democracy. The model of deliberative democracy seems to be idealistic and very interes ting. Such concept arouses the question of organic interaction of society and government. It emphasises maintenance on change of public sphere as the important point of gracious activity and influence of civil activity on the governmental politics as well.The deliberative democracy continues traditions of former concepts of legal government and is examined as democracy of rational discourse, discussion, conviction, argumentation and compromise (Connolly 1991, p.1). It is establish on the statement that a modern humans is a citizen, who takes active part in the life of society. His roles in society as a client and consumer are mixed together with roles of participant in political and public processes. The modern human has tendency to non-belonging to any political party, because he is ready to make compromise and to hold from his preferences to reach compromise.When we use tradition of legal government belief (particularly, the conception of Kant), we suppose that governmental -legal sphere should be examined to the maximum flexibility. It should be possible to take into account any new theme of discussion, opinions and re-examination of results. First of all we need to solve such problems as role of majority, opinions of minority, parliamentary responsibility and corporatism.The deliberative democracy in works of Dewey, Cohen and Rippe.Deliberative democracy is a concept, used by J. Dewey, which is examined in the modern political guess by such authors as Cohen, Rippe, Habermas, etc. Dewey proposed to fend from usual understanding of democracy as political domination of majority and to examine the process from the other side, as way to obtain power by the majority of citizens. It hatful be through with help of public discourses and lobbying interests by social groups and minorities in different discussions and forums.The rule of majority is as stupid, as critics speak intimately it. Still, it had never been only the rule of majority The nub with hel p of which the majority becomes the majority, are much more important debates, modification of opinions, discussions with minority, etc BY the other words, the efficient prerequisite of democracy is in improvement of orders and conditions of debates, discussions and forums (Dewey 1954, p 207)So, the very concept of publicity of politics has more important results that the results of politics itself.The idea of deliberative democracy is ground on intuition of publicity. It became an independent concept, which doesnt understand the ride of politics to satisfy interests of all people separately as self-aggrandising doctrine. On the contrary, it is the model, oriented on forum, where concepts well-nigh good for all people is discussed by means of mutual discussion of citizens (Rippe 2001, p.141.). Cohen explains the method of constitution of the political society. He explains the concept of deliberative democracy by means of a definite ideal mathematical function of consultation and taking decisions in political institutions.The concept of deliberative democracy is based on the intuitive ideal of egalitarian association, where the justification of rules and conditions of such association is make with help of public arguments and reflexion mingled with the tinct citizens. Deliberative politics stipulates that the parties should present grounds for their proposals, support or denunciation The grounds should be presented clearly, and all participants tin foundation adopt the proposal or refuse from it, presenting their deprecative points of view by means of free discussion between the rival (Cohen 1989, p.25)Cohen and his postulates of discourses.In such a way, we sens define a number of discourses, which are examined as political function and are able to constitute political public society. Cohen speaks about several postulates of such single-valued functionsSuch consultations should be made in combative form, i.e. by means of well-ordered rand omness between the partiesConsultations should be open and public. zippo apprise be excluded from the number of participantsConsultations are free and nobody rouse extort the partner to accept a proposal, get out by force of argumentsConsultations have the aim of rationally motivated agreement and can continue as long as possible. Still, the majority can take decision to stop them temporarilypolitical consultations offshoot of all should be the subject of discussion of problems, which are the most important and interestingPolitical consultations also can be used for interpretation of demands and pre-political postulates (Cohen 1989, p.22). They shouldnt be limited by valuable consensus, based on common tradition and practice.Habermas and his approach to deliberative democracy.We can see that postulates of deliberative democracy are, certainly, the reflexion of discourse system into politics. So, it is no wonder that the concept of deliberative politics was accepted by Haberm as and examined in his book Faktizitt und Geltung, basing on the concepts of discourse theory (Habermas 1998, p.35).Habermas examines new concept of civil society, taking closer concepts of civil society and political public. He retains world orientation, which is resulted on liberal political culture. At the selfsame(prenominal) time he focuses attention on forms of colloquy, organization and institutionalization of people in communities, where they form opinions, ideas, ideals, sources, values and orientations of different kind. Such conception allows forming new civil society, plural, effective and responsible. Habermas tries to find the principles and values of new civil society in many-sided discourse of individuals, groups, countries and regions.We can find also the motive of ambivalent attitude (inheritance and refusal at the same time) to Utopian tradition of modern as consensus of free individuals being the basis of immaculate civil order, and with institutional prob lems of real capitalism.Habermas examines ideals of capitalist humanism, such as self-organization, rational forming of political will, personal and collective self-determination, self-organization of society at the background of cynical man of the modern society. He changes the conceptual distich ideal-reality by the search of potential of tenability in everyday communicative practice. The exit one is the basis of ideas, which finds expression in ideals of classical philosophy and continues to be important nowadays. He examines the concept of public opinion as formal structure of communication and presupposition of possibility to reach consensus.What are the ways to form political consensus, which is important for society self-organization? The model of deliberative democracy, support by Habermas, supposes the ideal of society, consisting of free and equal individuals, who determine forms of mutual life in political communication. The concept of discussion and procedure of pol itical problems and taking decisions is taken as criteria of democracy of the real political process. The procedure of forming opinions and will of the nation should be still as democratic self-organization. The decision, which is supported by the majority of citizens, should be understood as the legal. Political communication should rationally form the will of participants.The problem of relations between the government and civil society should be examined through the prism of liberal and republican political traditions. The concept of society as a political value (societas civilis) equalizes democracy with political self-organization of society as the one body. It is based on republican tradition, which supports the ideas of Aristotle and Rousseau. The government as bureaucratic administrative mechanism should become a part of society as a whole.Deliberative democracy is not a simple power of citizens opinions. It is rather the possibility of power of reason, which is a result of citizens discussions. Coordination of plans of activity among the citizens supposes the aeonian standards of behavior, which stipulate and stabilize mutual social expectations. Stabilization of social character is penalize thanks to mutual participation of citizens as well as communication, which coordinates activity of individuals. The aim of communication is to reach consensus.Critical opinions regarding deliberative politics.Still, there are some critical opinions regarding deliberative democracy. Lets examine some of them. Critics write that the discussions can focus attention on different problems, which are found in the process of discussions. Those problems can influence on positive taking decisions, because they can worsen situation by arousing different disagreements (Held 1995, p.92). Even if the discussion helps to reach agreement, sometimes there are cases when such agreement is undesirable. People are able to get satisfaction from speck of their variability and diff erence. And, on the contrary, they can opine that consensus can lead to mediocrity.Such participants of discussion can understand the competition of ideas fray to be vitally important for their personal freedom. Such institutional embodiments of thought lay on the basis of different attributes of democracy. So, we can resume, that the discussion not always leads to consensus. Also, when a discussion leads to consensus, it is not always can be examined as the advantage. The deliberative approach is criticized also because its aim is based on optimistic pre-suppositions regarding the government. Nevertheless, any theory has its nerveless points.ConclusionAt the same time deliberative model of society focuses attention on personal rights of citizens, the principle of compare and practice of government. The ability to actualize those rights can be understood as ability to be a citizen in such deliberative society. Sharing position of Habermas, we can suppose that democratic societ y prepares the face of status of a liberal citizen.Such kind of participation in political processes of society is very important and actual in forming of conscious citizen and gives him possibility to act in taking politically important decision and resolving public problems. In such a way, deliberative democracy presupposes education of responsible citizen, able to opine difficulty of problems. Such citizen is able to accept legal interests of other interested groups (including handed-down opponents). Principle of deliberative democracy generates the feeling of united nation and can be called an appropriate approach for resolving public policy problems.Works CitedBarber, B. (Winter 1998-1999). Three Scenarios for the in store(predicate) of Technology and Strong majority rule, Political information Quarterly,vol. 113, 4Bohman, J. (1997). Deliberative Democracy and Effective Social Freedom Capabilities, Resources, and Opportunities in Deliberative Democrac, Essays on Reason an d Politics, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts-LondonBohman, J. & Rehg, W. (1997). (ed.) Deliberative Democracy, The MIT Press, Cambridge, Massach.-London, EnglandCohen, J. (1989). Deliberation and Democratic Legitimacy, Hablin A., Pettit B. (Hrsg.), The Good Polity, OxfordConnolly, W. (1991). identity element / Difference Democratic Negotiations of Political Paradox, N.Y.Dewey, J. (1954). The common and its Problems, ChicagoFinley, M. (1972). Democracy, Ancient and modern-day. New BrunswickHabermas, J. (1998). Faktizitt und Geltung, Frankfurt a.M.Held, D. (1995). Democracy and the Global Order, From the Modern State to Cosmopolitan Governance, Cambridge, Great BritainHonig, . (1993). Political Theory and the Displacement of Politics, N.Y.Rippe, K.-P. (2001). Ethikkommissionen in der deliberativen Demokratie, Kettner M. (Hrsg.), Angewandte Ethik als Politikum. Frankfurt